نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان

2 فارغ التحصیل کارشناسی ارشد مرتعداری، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان

3 دانشجوی دکترای علوم مرتع، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان

چکیده

خاک از مهمترین مولفه‌های اکوسیستم­های مرتعی است و مطالعه اثرات قرق بر خصوصیات خاک می‌تواند در مدیریت صحیح مرتع مفید باشد. این مطالعه با هدف بررسی اثرات قرق بر خصوصیات خاک مرتع در منطقه خشک مراوه­تپه استان گلستان انجام شد. در این تحقیق، نمونه­برداری خاک با استفاده از روش سیستماتیک - تصادفی و استقرار پنج ترانسکت در هر سایت قرق و شاهد صورت گرفت. سپس با حفر پروفیل در روی هر ترانسکت، نمونه‌های خاک به طور تصادفی از سه نقطه و از دو عمق صفر تا بیست سانتی‌متر و بیست تا چهل سانتی­متر برداشت شد. در نهایت در هر سایت، با مخلوط کردن هر سه نمونه خاک حاصل از هر ترانسکت پنج نمونه مرکب از هر عمق حاصل شد. سپس ویژگی­های خاک شامل اسیدیته (pH)، هدایت الکتریکی (EC)، وزن مخصوص ظاهری، درصد رطوبت نگهداری خاک، درصد رطوبت اشباع، ماده آلی، آهک، درصد ذرات شن، رس و سیلت تعیین شد. به منظور مقایسه ویژگی‌های خاک عمق­های متناظر سایت قرق با سایت شاهد آن درمناطق مختلف، از آزمون t مستقل استفاده شد. نتایج نشان داد که اجرای عملیات قرق باعث بهبود ویژگی­های مورد مطالعه خاک در این مراتع شده است. به طوریکه خصوصیات خاک شامل درصد رطوبت نگهداری (43/10) و شن (6/19) افزایش یافته و تفاوت معنی‌داری دارند، و میانگین اسیدیته (36/7) کاهش یافته و تفاوت معنی­داری با سایت شاهد دارد. همچنین نتایج نشان داد عملیات قرق تأثیر بیشتری بر عمق 20-0 سانتی متری داشته و عمق دوم کمتر تحت تأثیر قرار گرفته است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of Enclosure Restoration Practices on Physical and Chemical Soil Properties in Arid Region of Maraveh Tapeh, Golestan Province

نویسندگان [English]

  • Hamid Niknahad gharmakher 1
  • Isa Jafari footami 2
  • Esmaeil sheidai Karkaj 3

1 Assistant Professor, Department of Rangeland management, College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, University of Gorgon. Iran

2 Post graduate of College of Natural Resources, Gorgon University Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Iran

3 PhD students, Department of Rangeland management, College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, University of Gorgon. Iran

چکیده [English]

Soil is an important component of rangeland ecosystems and investigation on the effect of enclosure on soil properties can be useful in the proper management of rangeland. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of enclosure on soil properties in Maraveh tapeh rangeland's in the Golestan province. Soil sampling was performed by systematic–randomize method and establishment of five transects in each enclosure and control site. Then, soil samples were taken randomly from three-points in two depths (0-20 and 20-40cm) of each transects. Finally in each site, five composite soil sample of each depth were obtained by mixing all soil samples of each transect. Then, some soil physical and chemical properties including pH, electrical conductivity, bulky density, soil moisture storage, soil saturation percentage, the percentage of soil organic matter, the percentage of lime, and soil texture were determined in laboratory. Data analysis was performed by independent T test. The results demonstrated that some of studied soil properties have changed significantly because of enclosure. So, the mean of soil moisture storage and the percentage of sand in soil texture have increased significantly and the mean of soil pH was decreased significantly in enclosure site as compared with control site. The results demonstrated that enclosure has had more effect on the first depth (0-20cm) as compared to the second depth (20-40cm). 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • enclosure
  • soil properties
  • Marveh Tapeh
References
Aghasi M J, Bahmanyar M A and Akbarzade M. 2006. Comparison of the effects grazing and water distribution on rangeland vegetation and soil parameters Kiasar Mazandaran province. Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources, 13(4):73-84.
Agha Mohseni fashami M, Zahedi G, Farahpour M and Khorasani N. 2008. Influence of enclosure and grazing on the soil organic carbon and soil bulk density (Case study in the Central Alborze south slopes rangelands). J. of Agri. Sci. Iran, 4(5): 375-381.
Al-Seekh SH, Mohammad G and Amro AY. 2009. Effect of Grazing on soil properties at southern part of west bank rangeland, Hebron University Research Journal, 4(1):35 – 53.
Bewket W, and StroosnijderI. 2003. Effects of agro-ecological land use succession on soil properties in chemoga watershed, Blue Nil Basins, Ethiopia, Geoderma, 111: 85-95.
Bihamta M R and Zare chahuki MA. 2008. Principles of statistics of natural resources. TehranUniversity Press, 300p.
Binkley D, Singer F, Kaye M and Rochelle R.2003. Influence of grazing on soil properties in rocky mountain national park, J. Forest Ecol. Manage. 185 (3): 239-47.
Blake GR and Hartge KH. 1986. Bulk density. In: Klute, A. (Ed.), Methods of soil analysis. Part 1, Physical and mineralogical methods, 2nd ed., Agronomy, 9: 363-382.
Chaichi MR, Mohseni Saravi MandMalekian A. 2005. Effects of livestock trampling on soil physical properties and vegetation cover (Case Study: Lar Rangeland, Iran), International Journal of Agriculture & Biology, 7(6): 909-914.
Dhaou SO and Abdullah F. 2010. The Protection effects on floristic diversity in a north African Pseudo -Savanna. Pak. J. Bot. 42(3): 1501-1510.
Dormaar JF, Smoliak S and willms WD. 1989. Vegetation and soil Response to short duration grazing on fescue grass land. Range Management, 42: 252-256.
Frank AB, Tanaka DL, Hofman L and Follett RF. 1995. Soil carbon and nitrogen of northern great plain grasslands as Influenced by long term grazing. JournalRange Management, 48: 470-474.
FuhlendorfSD, Briske DD and Smeins FE. 2001. Herbaceous vegetation change in variable rangeland environments: the relative contribution ofgrazing and climatic variability, Appl. Veg. Sci. 4(2): 177-188.
Famiglietti JS, Rudnicki JW and Rodell M. 1998. Variability in surface moisture content along a hill slope transect: Rattlesnake Hill, Texas. Journal of Hydrology, 210: 259-281.
Gee GW and Bauder JW. 1986. Particle-size analysis. p. 383-411. In A Klute (ed.) Methods of soil analysis, Part 1. Physical and mineralogical methods. Agronomy Monograph No. 9 (2ed). American Society of Agronomy/Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI.
Hante A, Jafari M, Zargham N and Zare chahuki M. 2005. The effect of Atriplex canescens planting on rangelands soil of Zarande Saveh. Rese. and Development of Natural Resources, 68:60-64.
Hatch DJ, Lovell RD, Antil RS, JarvisSC and Owen PM. 2000. Nitrogen mineralization and microbial activity in permanent pastures amended with nitrogen fertilizer or dung. Biol. Fert. Soils 30: 288–293.
Holechek J, pieper R and Herbbel C. 1989. Range management principles and practices. 2nd ed. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersy.
Hosseinzadeh G, Jalilvand H and Tamartash R. 2007. Changes in vegetation cover and some soil chemical properties in pastures with different grazing intensities. JournalRange Management, 14(4):500-512.
Haidarian M, Naghipoor AA and Tavakoli H. 2010. Effect of grazing intensity on vegetation and soil in sysabbojnord, Iranian Journal of Range and Desert Research, 17(2): 243-255.
Jafari Haghighi M. 2003. Analytical methods of soil and the important physical and chemical sampling and analysis, with emphasis on theory and application. Nedazehi Publish, 236 p. (In Persian)
Jafari M, Ebrahimi M, Azarnivand H and Madahi A. 2009. The effect of different improvement operation on soil factors and vegetation of pasture. Rangeland journal, 3(3):371-384.
Jalilvand H, Tamartash R and Haidarpoor H. 2007. The effect of grazing on vegetation cover and some soil parameters in kajoor rangeland. Journal of Range, 1(1):66-53.
Jeddi K and Chaieb M. 2010. Changes in soil properties and vegetation following livestock grazing exclusion in degraded arid environments of South Tunisia. Flora 205: 184–189.
Kumbasli M, Makineci E and Cakir M. 2010. Long term effects of red deer (Cervus elaphus) grazing on soil in a breeding area, Journal of Environmental Biology, 31: 185-188.
Kohandel A, Arzani H and Tavasol MH. 2009. Effect of different grazing in intensities on nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and organic matter in stepi Savojbolagh rangelands. JournalRange Management 3(6): 59-65.
Li C, Hao X,Zhao M, Han G and Williams WD. 2008. Influence of historic sheep grazing on vegetation and soil properties of a desert steppe in Inner Mongolia, Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 128: 109-116.
McKeonCA, Jordan FL, Glenn EP, Waugh WJ and Nelson SG. 2005. Rapid nitrate loss from a contaminated desert soil, Journal of Arid Environments. 61: 119-136
Martinez-Mena M, Lopez J, AlmagroM, Boix-FayosVandlbaladejoJ. 2008. Effect of water erosion and cultivation on the soil carbon stock in a semiarid area of South-East Spain, Soil and Tillage Research, 99, 119-129.
Mousavi M. 2001. Effect of grazing on vegetation and soil changes in semi-stepi rangeland Rezaabad Semnan. Proceedings of the second national seminar on pasture and range management, publications of research institute of forests and rangelands, 254-262.
Mirza Ali A, Mesdaghi M and Erfan nezhad R. 2006. The effect of grazing on rangeland vegetation and soil salinization Gomishan in Golestan province, Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources, 13(2):194-202.
Niknahad H and Marmaii M. 2011. Effects of land use changes on soil characteristics (case study: kachik). Journal of Soil and Sustainable Management, 1(2): 81-96.
Nelson DW and Sommers LE. 1982. Total carbon, organic carbon, and organic matter. In: Page, A.L., Miller, R.H., Keeney, D.R. (Eds), Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. Chemical and microbial properties. 2nd ed. Agronomy, 9: 539-579.
Neff JC, Reynolds RL, Belknap J and Lamothe P. 2005. Multi-decadal impacts of grazing on soil physical and biogeochemical properties in southeast Utah. Ecological Applications, 15 (1): 87–95.
Pei Sh, Fu H and Wan C. 2008. Changes in soil properties and vegetation following enclosure and grazing in degraded Alxa desert steppe of Inner Mongolia, China, Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 124: 33-39.
Pinero G, Paulo JM and Oesterheld M. 2006. Potential long-term impacts of livestock introduction on carbon and nitrogen cycling in grasslands of southern South America. Global Change Biology, 12: 1267–1284.
Salaredini AA. 1995. Soil fertility. TehranUniversity Press. 441p.
Salaredini AA. 1985. Relationship between soil and plant (Examining issues of chemical and nutritional). Publication of TehranUniversity, Tehran, Iran.
Shahabi M. 2000. The study effect of different period on erosion resistance soils semi-arid area, Maraveh tape plant. MSc thesis desert areas. GorganUniversity of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, 70p.
ShandCA, Williams BL, DawsonLA, Smith S. and Young ME. 2002. Sheep urine affects soil solution nutrient composition and roots: Differences between field and sward box soils and the effects of synthetic and natural sheep urine, Soil Biol, and Biochem. 34: 163-171.
Somda ZC, Powell JM and Bastion A. 1997. Soil pH and nitrogen changes following cattle and sheep        urine deposition. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 28: 1253-1268.
Valizade M and Moghadam M. 2009. Pilot projects in agriculture. Parivar publication. 451p.
Vaillant GC, Pierzynski GM, Ham JM and De Rouchey J. 2009. Nutrient accumulation below cattle feedlot pens in Kansas. Journal of Environmental Quality, 38: 909-918.
Warren A, Batterbury SandOsbahr H. 2001. Soil erosion in the WestAfrican Sahel: A review and an application of a ‘‘local political ecology’’ approach in South West Niger, Glob. Environ. Change-Human Policy Dimes. 11(1): 79-95
Yong-Zhong S, Yu-Lin L, Jian-Yuan C and Wen-Zhi Z. 2005. Influences of continuous grazing and livestock exclusion on soil properties in a degraded sandy grassland, Inner Mongolia, northern China, Catena, 59: 267-278.
Zhao Y, Peth S, Krummelbein, J, Horn R, Wang Z, Steffens M, Hoffmann C and Peng X. 2007. Spatial variability of soil properties affected by grazing intensity in Inner Mongolia grassland, Ecol. Model. 205: 241-254.