نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد گروه علوم خاک دانشکده آب و خاک دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان

2 دانشیار گروه علوم خاک، دانشکده آب و خاک دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان

3 استادیار گروه علوم خاک، دانشکده آب و خاک دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان

4 4- دانشیار گروه علوم خاک، دانشکده آب و خاک دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان

چکیده

آهن یکی از عناصر کم مصرف ضروری برای گیاه است. شکل­های مختلف عناصر خاک از نظر واکنش­پذیری و زیست فراهمی به­طور چشمگیری با یکدیگر متفاوتند. هدف از این تحقیق، مطالعه توزیع شکل‌های مختلف آهن در بین اجزای مختلف خاک و روابط این اجزای فلزی با برخی ویژگی‌های خاک و پاسخ گیاهی بود. بدین منظور آزمایشی روی 10 نمونه خاک تهیه شده از مناطق مختلف استان گلستان با ویژگی­های فیزیکی و شیمیایی مختلف انجام شد. جزءبندی آهن خاک به­وسیله روش‌ عصاره‌گیری دنباله­ای تعیین گردید. همچنین برای بررسی رابطه میان شکل‌های مختلف آهن خاک با ماده خشک، غلظت و جذب آهن، آزمایشی گلدانی روی سویا رقم ویلیامز ((Glycine max cv. Williams به­صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی که فاکتور اول تعداد 10 نوع خاک و فاکتور دوم دو سطح کودی سکوسترین آهن (0 و 20 میلی­گرم آهن بر کیلوگرم) بود، در سه تکرار انجام گردید. نتایـج نشـان داد که در خاک­های مورد مطالعه، ترتیب مقادیر شکل­های شیمیایی آهن به صورت زیر بـود: کربناتی< تبادلی<ماده­آلی< اکسیدهای منگنز< اکسیدهای آهن بی‌شکل< اکسیدهای آهن متبلور< باقی‌مانده. آهن قابل استخراج با DTPA با اجـزای تبادلـی، متصل به اکسیـدهای منگـنز و اکسیـدهای آهـن متبلور (به ترتیب **54/0r=، **60/0r= و *41/0r=) همبستگی مثبت معنی‌داری نشان دادند. مصرف سکوسترین آهن باعث افزایش شاخص کلروفیل، غلظت و جذب آهن اندام هوایی شد. جزء متصل به ماده­آلی با وزن خشک (**41/0r=) و تعداد برگ کلروزی (*33/0-r=) به­ترتیب همبستگی مثبت و منفی معنی­داری نشان دادند. جزء متصل به اکسیدهای منگنز با جذب آهن (*35/0r=) و شاخص کلروفیل برگ­سالم (**37/0r=) و برگ پایینی (**53/0r=) همبستگی مثبت و معنی­داری نشان داد. شکل­های تبادلی (**51/0r=)، متصل به ماده‌آلی (*37/0r=)، باقی­مانده (**57/0r=) و آهن کل (*46/0r=) خاک همبستگی مثبت معنی­داری با درصد رس خاک نشان دادند. عصاره­گیری ساده با DTPA به تنهایی قادر به برآورد آهن قابل جذب گیاه نیست، بنابراین، شکل‌های مختلف آهن و میزان رس خاک نیز در این زمینه باید مدنظر قرارگیرند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Distribution of Soil Iron Chemical Forms in some Golestan Province Soils

نویسندگان [English]

  • Gholamreza Nodehsharify 1
  • Esmaeil Dordipour 2
  • Mojtaba Barani Motlagh 3
  • Mohsen Olamaee 4

4 4- دانشیار گروه علوم خاک، دانشکده آب و خاک دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان

چکیده [English]

Iron is one of the essential micronutrients for plants. The various components of soil elements differ significantly from each other in terms of reactivity and bioavailability. The purpose of this research was to study the distribution of different forms of Iron among the various soil components and the relationships between the metal components with some soil characteristics. So, an experiment was carried out on 10 samples collected from different areas of Golestan province with different chemical and physical properties. Fractionation of soil iron was determined via Singh et al (1988)’s sequential extraction procedure. For investigating the relationship among the various forms of soil iron with dry matter, concentration and uptake of iron, a factorial pot experiment on Glycine max cv. Williams in a completely randomized design (10 types of soil at first factor and two iron fertilizer levels (0 and 20 Fe mg kg-1) at second factor), with three replications was also conducted. The results showed that the amounts of iron chemical forms were ordered as follows: carbonates-bound < exchangeable < OM-bound < Mn oxides-bound < amorphous Fe oxides-bound < crystalline Fe oxides-bound < residual forms. DTPA-extractable iron showed significantly a positive correlation with exchangeable, Mn oxides-bound and crystalline Fe oxides-bound fractions (r=0.54**, r=0.60** and r=0.41*, respectively). Application of iron sequestrene caused an increase in chlorophyll index and concentration and uptake of iron. The OM-bound fraction indicated significantly positive and negative correlations with dry weight (r=0.41**) and the number of chlorotic leaves (r= -0.33*), respectively. Mn oxides-bound form was significantly and positively correlated with iron uptake (r=0.35*) and chlorophyll indices of intact and bottom leaves (r=0.37** and r=0.53**, respectively). The soil exchangeable (r=0.51**), OM-bound (r=0.37*) and residual forms (r=0.57**) and total iron (r=0.46*) showed significantly positive correlations with soil clay content. A single extraction with DTPA is not able to estimate a plant available iron; therefore, in this regard the iron different forms and clay content of soil should be also considered.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Chemical forms
  • Iron
  • Soil
  • Soybean
  • Uptake
References
Agrawal H.P. 1992. Assessing the micronutrient requirement of winter wheat. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 23(17-20): 2555-2568.
Anonymous. 2010. Agricultural Statistics. Volume 2. Ministry of Agricultural Jihad, Department of Planning and Economy, Bureau of Statistics and Information Technology, 389p. (In Persian)
Behera S.K., and Singh, D. 2010. Fractions of Iron in Soil under a long-term experiment and their contribution to iron availability and uptake by maize- wheat cropping sequence. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 41: 1538-1550.
Borges M., DeMello W.V., Abrahao A.P., Jordao C.P., and Simas N.B. 2001. Methods for evaluation of easily reducible iron and manganese in paddy soils. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 32: 3009-3022.
Çelik H., and Katkal A.V. 2007. Some parameters in relation to iron nutrition status of peach orchards. Journal of Biological and Environmental Sciences, 1 (3): 111-115.
Derek R., and Philips J.P. 1987. Rapid assay for microbially reducible ferric iron in equatic sediments. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 53 (7): 1536-1540.
DSantiago A., Diaz I., and Delgado A. 2008. Predicting the incidence of iron deficiency chlorosis from hydroxylamine-extractable iron in soil. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 72: 1493-1499.
Emami M. 2011. Comparison of the evaluation methods to determine Fe nutritional status in Golestan province peach orchards. MSc Thesis, Soil Science Department. Gorgan University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, Gorgan. Iran. 105p. (in Persian)
Filgueiras A.V., Lavilla I., and Bendicho C. 2002. Chemical sequential extraction for metal partitioning in environmental solid samples. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 4 (6): 823-857.
Hemantaranjam A., and Grag O.K. 1988. Iron and zinc fertilization with reference to the grain quality of Triticum aestivum L. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 11: 1439-1450.
Jones J.B. Jr. and Case V.W. 1990. Sampling, handling, and analyzing plant tissue samples. In: Westerman, RL. (Eds.), Soil Testing and Plant Analysis. Soil Science Society of America, Inc. Madison, WI, pp. 25-44.
Li M., Hue N.V., and Hussain S.K.G. 1997. Changes of metal by organic amendments to Hawaii soils. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 28 (3-5): 381-394.
Lion L.W., Altmann R.S., and Leckie J.O. 1982. Trace metal adsorption characteristics of estuarine particulate matter: Evaluation of contributions of Fe/Mn oxide and organic surface coatings. Environmental Science and Technology, 16: 660-666.
Ma B.L., Morrison M.J., and Voldeng H.D. 1995. Leaf greenness and photosynthetic rates in soybean. Crop Science, 35(5): 1411-1414.
Ma Y.B., and Uren N.C. 1995. Application of a new fractionation scheme for heavy metals in soils. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 26(19-20): 3291-3303.
Marquard R.D., and Tipton J.L. 1987. Relationship between extractable chlorophyll and an in situ method to estimate leaf greenness. HortScience, 22(6): 1327-1329.
Miller W.P., Martens D.C., and Zelazny L.W. 1986. Effect of sequence in extraction of trace metals from soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 50(3): 598-601.
Monge E., Perez C., Pequerul A., Madero P., and Val J. 1993. Effect of iron chlorosis on mineral nutrition and lipid composition of thylakoid biomembrane in Prunus persica (L.) Bastch. Plant and Soil, 154: 97- 102.
Mortvedt J.J. 1991. Correcting iron deficiencies in annual and perennial plants: Present technologies and future prospects. Plant and Soil130(1-2): 273-279.
Okazaki M., Takamidoh K., and Yamane I. 1986. Adsorption of heavy metal cations on hydrated oxides and oxides of iron and aluminum with different crystallinities. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 32(4): 523-533.
Page A.L., Miller R.H., and Keeney D.R. 1982. Methods of soil analysis, Part 2. 2nd ed. Agron. Monogr. 9 ASA, Madison, WI, 1187p.
Reyhanitabar A., Karimian N., Muazardalan M., Savaghebi G.R., and Ghannadha MR. 2006. Zinc fractions of selected calcareous soils of Tehran province and their relationships with soil characteristics. Journal of Sciences and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources, 3: 125-128. (In Persian)
Salardini A.A. 2005. Soil Fertility. University of Tehran Press, Tehran, Iran. 434p. (in Persian)
SAS. Institute Inc. 1999. SAS/ETS Users Guide. Version 8. Cary, NC. USA.
Scharf P.C., Brouder S.M., and Hoeft R.G. 2006. Chlorophyll meter readings can predict nitrogen need and yield response of corn in the north-central USA. Agronomy Journal, 98(3): 655-665.
Shuman L.M. 1991. Chemical fractions of micronutrients in soils. In: Mortve, J.J., Cox F.R., Shuman L.M. and Awetch R.M. (Eds.). Micronutrients in Agriculture. SSSA, Madison, WI, pp. 113-144.
Shuman L.M. 1988. Effect of organic matter on the distribution of Manganese, Copper, Iron, and Zinc in soil fractions. Soil Science, 146(3): 192-198.
Shuman L. M. 1985. Fractionation method for soil microelements. Soil Science, 140(1): 11-22.
Sims J.L., and Patrick W.H. 1978. The distribution of micronutrient cations in soil under conditions of varying redox potential and pH. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 42(2): 258-262.
Singh J.P., Karwasra S.P.S., and Singh M. 1988. Distribution and forms of Copper, Iron, Mangenese and Zinc in calcareous soils of India. Soil Science, 146(5): 359-366.
Singhal S. K., and Rattan R. K. 1995. Soil zinc fractions and their availability in some Inceptisols and Entisols. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science, 43(1): 80-83.
Tessier A., Campbell P.G., and Bisson M. 1979. Sequential extraction procedure for the speciation of particulate trace metals. Analytical Chemistry, 51(7): 844-851.
Zalidis G., Barbayiarinis N., and Matsi T. 1999. Forms and distribution of heavy metals in soils of the Axios Delta of Northern Greece. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 30(5-6): 817-827.
Zemberyova M., Bartekova J., Bajcan D., and Vysinska D. 2004. Utilization of modified BCR three-step sequential extraction procedure for iron fractionation in soil reference materials. In: Proceedings book 277, Adnan Menderes University, 4th AACD Congress, 29 Sept-3 Oct. Kusadasi- Aydin, Turkey, Pp. 536-538.
Zhu B., and Alva A. K. 1993. Distribution of trace metals in some sandy soils under citrus production. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 57(2): 350-355.