Urmia University Applied Soil Research 2423-7116 6 4 2019 02 20 Estimation of steady infilterability rate using Neuro-Fuzzy, Artificial neural network and Multivariate linear regression models Estimation of steady infilterability rate using Neuro-Fuzzy, Artificial neural network and Multivariate linear regression models 1 15 120642 FA Journal Article 2016 06 15 Infiltration is the most important soil physical characteristic which its direct measurement is laborious, time consuming and expensive. The purpose of this study is to estimate steady infilterability rate, using Neuro-Fuzzy, Neural Network and Multivariate Linear Regression models. Consequently, steady infilterability rate, was measured using double rings in 100 points in Dehgolan region, Kurdistan Province, Iran. Soil physical (porosity, bulk density, sand, silt and clay) and topography characteristics were measured as readily available properties and used to estimate steady infilterability rate, The data were divided into two sets of terrain (70% of the data) and test (30% of the data). The models based on input type were categorized into type 1 (physical characteristics) and 2 (soil physical and topography characteristics). The results based on mean bias error (MBE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Error (ME), Relative Standard Error (RSE) and Relative Improvement (RI) showed that the Neuro-Fuzzy model (type 1 respectively with statistics 0.24, 2.01, 0.46, 4.04 and 46.65) (type 2 respectively with statistics -0.1, 1.24, 0.23, 1.54 and 58.62) has the most accuracy of steady infilterability rate, estimation. Also was observed using topography data as input together with soil physical characteristics can lead to improvement of the estimation accuracy of steady infilterability rate. Infiltration is the most important soil physical characteristic which its direct measurement is laborious, time consuming and expensive. The purpose of this study is to estimate steady infilterability rate, using Neuro-Fuzzy, Neural Network and Multivariate Linear Regression models. Consequently, steady infilterability rate, was measured using double rings in 100 points in Dehgolan region, Kurdistan Province, Iran. Soil physical (porosity, bulk density, sand, silt and clay) and topography characteristics were measured as readily available properties and used to estimate steady infilterability rate, The data were divided into two sets of terrain (70% of the data) and test (30% of the data). The models based on input type were categorized into type 1 (physical characteristics) and 2 (soil physical and topography characteristics). The results based on mean bias error (MBE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Error (ME), Relative Standard Error (RSE) and Relative Improvement (RI) showed that the Neuro-Fuzzy model (type 1 respectively with statistics 0.24, 2.01, 0.46, 4.04 and 46.65) (type 2 respectively with statistics -0.1, 1.24, 0.23, 1.54 and 58.62) has the most accuracy of steady infilterability rate, estimation. Also was observed using topography data as input together with soil physical characteristics can lead to improvement of the estimation accuracy of steady infilterability rate. https://asr.urmia.ac.ir/article_120642_a0478d2ceae31bc2b64386af40d4c92a.pdf

Urmia University Applied Soil Research 2423-7116 6 4 2019 02 20 The effect of Application of biochar and pruning waste compost with PGPR inoculation on macronutrient availability in wheat rhizosphere The effect of Application of biochar and pruning waste compost with PGPR inoculation on macronutrient availability in wheat rhizosphere 16 30 120643 FA Roghayeh Vahedi Graduate Student of Soil Science, Department of Soil Science, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran. Journal Article 2017 05 19 In order toevaluate the effect of biochar, pruning waste compost of apple and grape trees and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on macronutrient uptake in calcareous soil, an experiment carried out in a completely randomized desig nunder greenhouse condition in rhizobox. The factors including the organic matter (pruning waste biochar, pruning waste compost and control), microbial inoculation (PGPR and Control (without microbial inoculation)) and soil (rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil). At the end of the growth period, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), Organic carbon and availability of macronutrients in the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils and concentration macronutrients in the plant were determined. The results showed that the highest pH was in biochar (7.88) without microbial inoculation.The amount of EC, N, P and K in compost treatment with PGPR inoculation were significantly higher than other treatments.The highest organic carbon was observed in the non-inoculated compost, which increased to 78.9% in comparison with microbial inoculation treatment. Compost provided more contents of EC, OC, N, P and K in the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere in comparison with biochar, it indicating higher EC, OC and nutrients content in the compost that was used. PGPR inoculation increased the availability of P and K by 1.21 and 1.26 times in non-rhiozosphere soil, compared to rhizosphere. However, EC, OC and N contents in the rhizosphere soil of the PGPR treatment were 1.22, 1.24 and 1.19 times higher than non-rhizosphere soil, respectively.The higher uptake of N, P and k by plant in inoculum of PGPR biochar increased 48.60, 32.55 and 32.16 % compared to the control, respectively.In general, according to the results of this study, it seems that using PGPR inoculation and appropriate amounts of biochar and compost, can improve macronutrients availibity in the soil, as well as uptake of these elements by plants. In order toevaluate the effect of biochar, pruning waste compost of apple and grape trees and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on macronutrient uptake in calcareous soil, an experiment carried out in a completely randomized desig nunder greenhouse condition in rhizobox. The factors including the organic matter (pruning waste biochar, pruning waste compost and control), microbial inoculation (PGPR and Control (without microbial inoculation)) and soil (rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil). At the end of the growth period, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), Organic carbon and availability of macronutrients in the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils and concentration macronutrients in the plant were determined. The results showed that the highest pH was in biochar (7.88) without microbial inoculation.The amount of EC, N, P and K in compost treatment with PGPR inoculation were significantly higher than other treatments.The highest organic carbon was observed in the non-inoculated compost, which increased to 78.9% in comparison with microbial inoculation treatment. Compost provided more contents of EC, OC, N, P and K in the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere in comparison with biochar, it indicating higher EC, OC and nutrients content in the compost that was used. PGPR inoculation increased the availability of P and K by 1.21 and 1.26 times in non-rhiozosphere soil, compared to rhizosphere. However, EC, OC and N contents in the rhizosphere soil of the PGPR treatment were 1.22, 1.24 and 1.19 times higher than non-rhizosphere soil, respectively.The higher uptake of N, P and k by plant in inoculum of PGPR biochar increased 48.60, 32.55 and 32.16 % compared to the control, respectively.In general, according to the results of this study, it seems that using PGPR inoculation and appropriate amounts of biochar and compost, can improve macronutrients availibity in the soil, as well as uptake of these elements by plants. https://asr.urmia.ac.ir/article_120643_1b30f9b0675fe90f94c18528bb85f070.pdf

Urmia University Applied Soil Research 2423-7116 6 4 2019 02 20 Effect of nitrogen and nitrate: ammonium ratio on growth indices and essential oil content of Origanum vulgare ssp. Gracile under saline conditions Effect of nitrogen and nitrate: ammonium ratio on growth indices and essential oil content of Origanum vulgare ssp. Gracile under saline conditions 31 44 120644 FA Sajad Nematzade urmia university Amir Rahimi urmia university Journal Article 2017 07 20 In order to evaluate effects of different levels of nitrogen and different ratios of nitrate: ammonium under saline and non-saline conditions on growth indices, essential oil content and yield of Origanum Vulgare ssp. Gracile, a factorial experiment was carried out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with third factors including nitrogen levels (5, 10, and 15 mM), nitrate: ammonium ratios (100:0, 87.5:12.5, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, 0:100), and salinity levels (0 and 50 mM NaCl) in three replications. The results showed that under non-saline condition, the highest fresh weight (33.34 g), dry weight (8.16 g), and essential oil yield (158.9 mg/pot) were obtained by 15 mM nitrogen and 75:25 nitrate: ammonium ratio. Under saline condition, all the three above-mentioned traits were reduced in all treatments however under this condition, the highest fresh weight (33.34 g), dry weight (4.56 g) and essential oil yield (94.35 mg/pot) were observed by 15 mM nitrogen and 50:50 nitrate: ammonium ratio. The main effects of all treatments on essential oil content were significant (p ≤ 0.01); so that the highest essential oil content obtained by 15 mM nitrogen, 75:25 nitrate: ammonium ratio, and 50 mM salinity. In conclusion, 15 mM nitrogen with 75:25 and 50:50 nitrate: ammonium are recommended for non-saline and saline conditions, respectively. In order to evaluate effects of different levels of nitrogen and different ratios of nitrate: ammonium under saline and non-saline conditions on growth indices, essential oil content and yield of Origanum Vulgare ssp. Gracile, a factorial experiment was carried out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with third factors including nitrogen levels (5, 10, and 15 mM), nitrate: ammonium ratios (100:0, 87.5:12.5, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, 0:100), and salinity levels (0 and 50 mM NaCl) in three replications. The results showed that under non-saline condition, the highest fresh weight (33.34 g), dry weight (8.16 g), and essential oil yield (158.9 mg/pot) were obtained by 15 mM nitrogen and 75:25 nitrate: ammonium ratio. Under saline condition, all the three above-mentioned traits were reduced in all treatments however under this condition, the highest fresh weight (33.34 g), dry weight (4.56 g) and essential oil yield (94.35 mg/pot) were observed by 15 mM nitrogen and 50:50 nitrate: ammonium ratio. The main effects of all treatments on essential oil content were significant (p ≤ 0.01); so that the highest essential oil content obtained by 15 mM nitrogen, 75:25 nitrate: ammonium ratio, and 50 mM salinity. In conclusion, 15 mM nitrogen with 75:25 and 50:50 nitrate: ammonium are recommended for non-saline and saline conditions, respectively. https://asr.urmia.ac.ir/article_120644_b9aaafa0a51107b7d6217caa615dd165.pdf

Urmia University Applied Soil Research 2423-7116 6 4 2019 02 20 The effect of Different Tillage Managements on Soil Organic Phosphorus Forms The effect of Different Tillage Managements on Soil Organic Phosphorus Forms 45 57 120645 FA Zohreh Mohammadi Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan Mojtaba Baranimotlagh Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan Mohammad Esmaeil Asadi Golestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center Seyed Alireza Movahedi Naeini Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan Somayeh Sefidgar Shahkolaie Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Journal Article 2017 06 11 Changes in management practices like different soil tillage and keeping crop residues can be alter phosphorus (P) dynamics and increased P bioavailability. Conservation agriculture (CA), which reduces soil disturbance and keeps crop residues on the soil surface, affects the cycle and stratification of soil P, resulting a high P concentration in the upper layers of the soil. The objective of this study was to determine the changes in organic P fractions in a soil under different tillage managements using a sequential extraction procedure. The experimental design was a completely randomized block design (CRBD) with 5 replications. Tillage treatments were: conventional tillage (CT), Raised Bed system (RB), Minimum Tillage (MT) and No-Tillage (NT) systems. Soil samples were taken from the 0–8 and 8-16 centimeters depths at all four tillage treatments. Organic P pools were fractionated at each depth using modified Bowman and Cole (1978) procedure. The results showed that the change in soil tillage from CT to CA (Raised Bed Tillage (RB), Minimum Tillage (MT) and No-Tillage (NT)) significantly increased the amount of all organic P forms (labile P, moderately labile P, and non-labile, residual P). Also, the P concentration of wheat grain in MT and NT showed increasement about 35% rather than the CT. In addition, the wheat grain yield was the highest in the MT and increased about 21% rather than to CT. The results of this research showed that low soil disturbance under NT has changed the concentration and distribution of P in the soil, leading to the establishment a P concentration gradient that decreases with soil depth. Conversely, under CT systems incorporation of plant residues within the soil plough layer increases the organic matter decomposition rate and reduces the storage of labile and moderately labile organic P fractions. Changes in management practices like different soil tillage and keeping crop residues can be alter phosphorus (P) dynamics and increased P bioavailability. Conservation agriculture (CA), which reduces soil disturbance and keeps crop residues on the soil surface, affects the cycle and stratification of soil P, resulting a high P concentration in the upper layers of the soil. The objective of this study was to determine the changes in organic P fractions in a soil under different tillage managements using a sequential extraction procedure. The experimental design was a completely randomized block design (CRBD) with 5 replications. Tillage treatments were: conventional tillage (CT), Raised Bed system (RB), Minimum Tillage (MT) and No-Tillage (NT) systems. Soil samples were taken from the 0–8 and 8-16 centimeters depths at all four tillage treatments. Organic P pools were fractionated at each depth using modified Bowman and Cole (1978) procedure. The results showed that the change in soil tillage from CT to CA (Raised Bed Tillage (RB), Minimum Tillage (MT) and No-Tillage (NT)) significantly increased the amount of all organic P forms (labile P, moderately labile P, and non-labile, residual P). Also, the P concentration of wheat grain in MT and NT showed increasement about 35% rather than the CT. In addition, the wheat grain yield was the highest in the MT and increased about 21% rather than to CT. The results of this research showed that low soil disturbance under NT has changed the concentration and distribution of P in the soil, leading to the establishment a P concentration gradient that decreases with soil depth. Conversely, under CT systems incorporation of plant residues within the soil plough layer increases the organic matter decomposition rate and reduces the storage of labile and moderately labile organic P fractions. https://asr.urmia.ac.ir/article_120645_89045b541d2eef3e0cda3daf0185486e.pdf

Urmia University Applied Soil Research 2423-7116 6 4 2019 02 20 Effects of phosphorus on mycorrhizal dependency, growth characteristics and absorption of phosphorus in corn and soybeans. Effects of phosphorus on mycorrhizal dependency, growth characteristics and absorption of phosphorus in corn and soybeans. 58 70 120660 FA Jalal Sadeghi student of ferdowsi univercity of mashhad Amir Lakzian Professor of Mashhad Ferdowsi University Alireza Astaraei professor of mashhad ferdowsi university Akram Halajnia professor of mashhad ferdowsi university Journal Article 2017 04 10 Phosphorus deficiency in tropical and problems of high consumption of chemical fertilizers, the importance of addressing the coexistence of plants with soil microorganisms increases. For this purpose, an experiment in a completely randomized design with factorial arrangement and three replications was conducted. Experimental treatments included five levels of phosphorus (0 (P0), (P1) 25, (P2) 50, (P3) 75 and (P4) 100% of fertilizer) and two levels of presence (M1) and absence (M0) of Funneliformis mosseae. Statistical analysis showed that the effect of different levels of phosphorus and mycorrhiza on all measured traits were significant at the one percent level. By increasing the amount of phosphorus, mycorrhizal dependency and response and colonization in two plants was decreased but other traits measured by the amount of phosphorus and of mycorrhizae increased. Shoot dry weight (corn and soybean), root dry weight (corn), plant height, concentration and phosphorus uptake of both corn and soybeans in treatment P4M1 and P0M0 was highest and lowest, respectively. In most of the evaluated parameters, the biggest difference between absence and presence of mycorrhizae in P0 observed that a significant effect of mycorrhiza at the time of the low amount of elements, especially phosphorus. By increasing the amount of phosphorus, the difference between treatments with mycorrhiza than no treatment at all levels of fertilizer, fell. In each level of fertilizer, with increasing fertilization, the difference between treatments with mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal treatments was reduced. Phosphorus deficiency in tropical and problems of high consumption of chemical fertilizers, the importance of addressing the coexistence of plants with soil microorganisms increases. For this purpose, an experiment in a completely randomized design with factorial arrangement and three replications was conducted. Experimental treatments included five levels of phosphorus (0 (P0), (P1) 25, (P2) 50, (P3) 75 and (P4) 100% of fertilizer) and two levels of presence (M1) and absence (M0) of Funneliformis mosseae. Statistical analysis showed that the effect of different levels of phosphorus and mycorrhiza on all measured traits were significant at the one percent level. By increasing the amount of phosphorus, mycorrhizal dependency and response and colonization in two plants was decreased but other traits measured by the amount of phosphorus and of mycorrhizae increased. Shoot dry weight (corn and soybean), root dry weight (corn), plant height, concentration and phosphorus uptake of both corn and soybeans in treatment P4M1 and P0M0 was highest and lowest, respectively. In most of the evaluated parameters, the biggest difference between absence and presence of mycorrhizae in P0 observed that a significant effect of mycorrhiza at the time of the low amount of elements, especially phosphorus. By increasing the amount of phosphorus, the difference between treatments with mycorrhiza than no treatment at all levels of fertilizer, fell. In each level of fertilizer, with increasing fertilization, the difference between treatments with mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal treatments was reduced. https://asr.urmia.ac.ir/article_120660_3417a56cbcc1d2356761ddd0da9a1b9c.pdf

Urmia University Applied Soil Research 2423-7116 6 4 2019 02 20 Spatio-temporal prediction of soil salinity using soft data and Bayesian maximum entropy method in western shores of Urmia Lake Spatio-temporal prediction of soil salinity using soft data and Bayesian maximum entropy method in western shores of Urmia Lake 71 83 120646 FA Journal Article 2017 11 20 Real-time monitoring of soil salinity changes is quite costly, so that sound methods which could improve the quality of the predictions would thus be a step towards an improved and sustainable salinity hazards monitoring system on the long run. The aim of this paper is to propose such a methodological framework, with an illustration based on the implication of the calculated error caused by field measurements in one time interval to improve spatiotemporal predictions of soil salinity where no laboratory measurements are available. Soil EC was measured in the field for all times series but only for the first, second and fifth data sets laboratory measurements were implemented. After calibrating field EC by laboratory measurements for the first two datasets, histograms of residuals were calculated and then variance of the residuals were taken into account as error and were used in soil salinity prediction using Bayesian Maximum Entropy method (BME) in other time series. Results from validation of the predicted values for soil salinity revealed that implementation of calibration line and the calculated error for one time interval in BME equations could successfully improve soil salinity prediction during other time intervals with validation results of ME and MSE equal to -0.12 and 0.72 for 5th dataset. Therefore, calibration line based on first two datasets was applied in spatiotemporal prediction of soil salinity in all-time series. Results showed that soil salinity has increased during time interval of 2010-2016 and secondary salinization has been occurring in agricultural lands. Mean soil salinity has increased from 4.56 dS/m in 2011 to 6.65 in 2016. The reduced need for constant calibration of field measured data and number of soil samples using soft data and BME method will make soil salinity monitoring possible where there is a great need for careful monitoring. Real-time monitoring of soil salinity changes is quite costly, so that sound methods which could improve the quality of the predictions would thus be a step towards an improved and sustainable salinity hazards monitoring system on the long run. The aim of this paper is to propose such a methodological framework, with an illustration based on the implication of the calculated error caused by field measurements in one time interval to improve spatiotemporal predictions of soil salinity where no laboratory measurements are available. Soil EC was measured in the field for all times series but only for the first, second and fifth data sets laboratory measurements were implemented. After calibrating field EC by laboratory measurements for the first two datasets, histograms of residuals were calculated and then variance of the residuals were taken into account as error and were used in soil salinity prediction using Bayesian Maximum Entropy method (BME) in other time series. Results from validation of the predicted values for soil salinity revealed that implementation of calibration line and the calculated error for one time interval in BME equations could successfully improve soil salinity prediction during other time intervals with validation results of ME and MSE equal to -0.12 and 0.72 for 5th dataset. Therefore, calibration line based on first two datasets was applied in spatiotemporal prediction of soil salinity in all-time series. Results showed that soil salinity has increased during time interval of 2010-2016 and secondary salinization has been occurring in agricultural lands. Mean soil salinity has increased from 4.56 dS/m in 2011 to 6.65 in 2016. The reduced need for constant calibration of field measured data and number of soil samples using soft data and BME method will make soil salinity monitoring possible where there is a great need for careful monitoring. https://asr.urmia.ac.ir/article_120646_c35744383f46320ddab6623b042679cc.pdf

Urmia University Applied Soil Research 2423-7116 6 4 2019 02 20 Spatial distribution analysis of Copper, Zinc and Arsenic heavy metals in the soil of surrounding areas of Khatoon-abad copper smelter industry Spatial distribution analysis of Copper, Zinc and Arsenic heavy metals in the soil of surrounding areas of Khatoon-abad copper smelter industry 84 96 120647 FA Sedigheh Mohamadi scientific board/ Graduate University of Advanced Technology Journal Article 2016 11 19 According to harmful environmental effects of Khatoon-abad copper smelter industry activities on soil quality; this research was conducted to determine the spatial distribution pattern of Zn, Cu and As heavy metals of soil in the surrounding areas of this industry company. Soil sampling was designed in a systematic network plan from 0-5 cm horizon, and laboratory analysis was carried out by ICP. Mean of Zn, Cu and As metals concentrations was obtained 731.13, 72.06, and 40.13 (mg/kg), respectively. Statistical and geostatistical analysis was conducted by Gs+ and GIS softwares. The results showed that there exist strong spatial correlations with spherical variography model for all of heavy metals due to high amount of (C/C0+C) ratio that equal 0.99, 0.83, and 0.99, respectively for Cu, Zn, and As heavy metals. Regarding to mobility of studied heavy metals in soil, the effective ranges equal to 2480, 2380 and 1083 (meter) and the Sill content equal 0.94, 4.55 and 0.87 (%) were obtained for Cu, Zn, and As respectively. Furthermore, the zonation map of contaminants illustrated that the amount of Zn pollution problem is not remarkable and there is a sever contamination of Cu and As with the spatial extending direction of the southwest of Khatoon-abad industry. According to harmful environmental effects of Khatoon-abad copper smelter industry activities on soil quality; this research was conducted to determine the spatial distribution pattern of Zn, Cu and As heavy metals of soil in the surrounding areas of this industry company. Soil sampling was designed in a systematic network plan from 0-5 cm horizon, and laboratory analysis was carried out by ICP. Mean of Zn, Cu and As metals concentrations was obtained 731.13, 72.06, and 40.13 (mg/kg), respectively. Statistical and geostatistical analysis was conducted by Gs+ and GIS softwares. The results showed that there exist strong spatial correlations with spherical variography model for all of heavy metals due to high amount of (C/C0+C) ratio that equal 0.99, 0.83, and 0.99, respectively for Cu, Zn, and As heavy metals. Regarding to mobility of studied heavy metals in soil, the effective ranges equal to 2480, 2380 and 1083 (meter) and the Sill content equal 0.94, 4.55 and 0.87 (%) were obtained for Cu, Zn, and As respectively. Furthermore, the zonation map of contaminants illustrated that the amount of Zn pollution problem is not remarkable and there is a sever contamination of Cu and As with the spatial extending direction of the southwest of Khatoon-abad industry. https://asr.urmia.ac.ir/article_120647_424e7928bf556c76ee93c1b0c0b7a927.pdf

Urmia University Applied Soil Research 2423-7116 6 4 2019 02 20 The effect of sodium chloride induced salinity and boron of irrigation water on yield and concentration of macro nutrients in purslane The effect of sodium chloride induced salinity and boron of irrigation water on yield and concentration of macro nutrients in purslane 97 108 120616 FA Mosayeb Vafaee zanjan university Journal Article 2016 10 29 With increasing the population of the world and demand for more food, utilization of saline soils, which include covers a large area of the arid and semiarid regions, is inevitable. Purslane is a halophyte and annual herbaceous plant that grows well in saline soils. Boron (B) is an essential element in plants. According to the extent of saline land in Iran, Purslane has the potential as a medicinal plant, vegetable and forage to be cultivated in saline soil and water resources. To evaluate the effects of sodium chloride (NaCl induced salinity and B levels of irrigation water on growth and nutrient absorption of purslane, a factorial experiment was based on a completely randomized design with 35 treatments and three replications and total of 105 units was conducted in the greenhouse. NaCl induced salinity and B levels of irrigation respectively water were 0.5 as control, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 dS/m and 0, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 mg/l, respectively. The results showed that with increasing NaCl induced salinity up to 2.5 dS/m, wet and dry weight and the concentrations of calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) increased in aerial plant part but higher levels of salinity reduced these characteristics. The concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in aerial part decreased with increasing NaCl induced salinity. With increasing B levels of irrigation water, wet and dry weight and the concentration of N, P, Ca and Mg in aerial plant part reduced; whereas concentration of P increased in aerial part of pursalne. According to the results of this study, Purslane cultivation is recommended in areas with relatively high salinity (2.5 dS. m -1) and B is low. With increasing the population of the world and demand for more food, utilization of saline soils, which include covers a large area of the arid and semiarid regions, is inevitable. Purslane is a halophyte and annual herbaceous plant that grows well in saline soils. Boron (B) is an essential element in plants. According to the extent of saline land in Iran, Purslane has the potential as a medicinal plant, vegetable and forage to be cultivated in saline soil and water resources. To evaluate the effects of sodium chloride (NaCl induced salinity and B levels of irrigation water on growth and nutrient absorption of purslane, a factorial experiment was based on a completely randomized design with 35 treatments and three replications and total of 105 units was conducted in the greenhouse. NaCl induced salinity and B levels of irrigation respectively water were 0.5 as control, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 dS/m and 0, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 mg/l, respectively. The results showed that with increasing NaCl induced salinity up to 2.5 dS/m, wet and dry weight and the concentrations of calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) increased in aerial plant part but higher levels of salinity reduced these characteristics. The concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in aerial part decreased with increasing NaCl induced salinity. With increasing B levels of irrigation water, wet and dry weight and the concentration of N, P, Ca and Mg in aerial plant part reduced; whereas concentration of P increased in aerial part of pursalne. According to the results of this study, Purslane cultivation is recommended in areas with relatively high salinity (2.5 dS. m -1) and B is low. https://asr.urmia.ac.ir/article_120616_1465e750afd8b7eaa05675b63dbcd217.pdf

Urmia University Applied Soil Research 2423-7116 6 4 2019 02 20 Comparison of sediment content in runoff and drainage water under two different slopes and cultivation types Comparison of sediment content in runoff and drainage water under two different slopes and cultivation types 109 120 120648 FA Azadeh Safadoust 0000-0002-1535-7833 Journal Article 2016 09 20 Land cover type and slope are two dominant parameters in soil and water erosion intensity. Although many studies have been conducted to explore the effects of slope or vegetation cover on soil erosion, but the there wasn’t any report regarding comparison of their effects in sediment generation in run off or derange. The objective of this study was to comparison of sediment in surface runoff and drainage water under influence of cultivation type (Alfalfa and Wheat) and slope (5% and 20%) in a sandy loam soil. The laboratory experiments were conducted using a soil box with dimensions of 100 cm long, 30 cm wide, and 25 cm deep, with one soil drainage outlet and one surface flow outlet, packed with soil in Agricultural Faculty of Bu-Ali Sina University. The result showed that intensive vegetation cover (alfalfa than wheat) can considerably reduce the loss of soil erosion. As under alfalfa cultivation less sediment was observed than wheat cultivation in both runoff and drainage. The current results showed that sediment generation in runoff and drainage vary with slope; as under both alfalfa and wheat cultivations larger sediment was observed in 20% slope in runoff, whereas in drainage the higher amount was observed in 5% slope. The observation of slighter sediment after 60 minute of rainfall in runoff could attribute to the generation of a surface crust that encouraged runoff and reduced soil erosion. Although there were no significantly effects of land cover and slope on mean weight diameter, it was larger under alfalfa as a result of erosion-reducing effectiveness of plant covers. Land cover type and slope are two dominant parameters in soil and water erosion intensity. Although many studies have been conducted to explore the effects of slope or vegetation cover on soil erosion, but the there wasn’t any report regarding comparison of their effects in sediment generation in run off or derange. The objective of this study was to comparison of sediment in surface runoff and drainage water under influence of cultivation type (Alfalfa and Wheat) and slope (5% and 20%) in a sandy loam soil. The laboratory experiments were conducted using a soil box with dimensions of 100 cm long, 30 cm wide, and 25 cm deep, with one soil drainage outlet and one surface flow outlet, packed with soil in Agricultural Faculty of Bu-Ali Sina University. The result showed that intensive vegetation cover (alfalfa than wheat) can considerably reduce the loss of soil erosion. As under alfalfa cultivation less sediment was observed than wheat cultivation in both runoff and drainage. The current results showed that sediment generation in runoff and drainage vary with slope; as under both alfalfa and wheat cultivations larger sediment was observed in 20% slope in runoff, whereas in drainage the higher amount was observed in 5% slope. The observation of slighter sediment after 60 minute of rainfall in runoff could attribute to the generation of a surface crust that encouraged runoff and reduced soil erosion. Although there were no significantly effects of land cover and slope on mean weight diameter, it was larger under alfalfa as a result of erosion-reducing effectiveness of plant covers. https://asr.urmia.ac.ir/article_120648_9ef134f10c9db29fb18b3858667f9011.pdf

Urmia University Applied Soil Research 2423-7116 6 4 2019 02 20 Laboratory investigation on reclamation of a saline-sodic soil by column leaching experiments Laboratory investigation on reclamation of a saline-sodic soil by column leaching experiments 121 132 120649 FA Farrokh Asadzadeh Professor Department of Soil Science, Urmia University 0000-0001-5882-2574 Hojjat Ahmadi Journal Article 2017 01 01 Soluble salts and sodium are the main problems of the soils in arid and semi-arid regions. Application of organic and mineral conditioners is a basic strategy to accelerate the leaching and reclamation of these soils. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of organic matter and gypsum in the reclamation of a saline and sodic soil using leaching columns. Soil sample was selected from abandoned agricultural lands in the western edge of Urmia lake. Soil leaching was conducted continuously based on the pore volume. The cations, electrical conductivity and sodium adsorption ratio in each pore volume of drain water were measured. In addition, these parameters were determined after the completion of leaching throughout leaching columns. The results indicated that in the control treatment, leaching couldn’t be continued for more than two pore volumes which may be attributed to effect of the high exchangeable sodium on destruction of soil structure and blocking of the soil pores. The sodium adsorption ratio of soil sample after leaching in gypsum and gypsum with organic matter treatments, decreased from 62.5 (meql-1)0.5 to 1.08 and 1.51 (meql-1)0.5, respectively, which reflects the effectiveness of gypsum and organic materials in sodic soil reclamation. The organic matter treatment also decreased the sodium adsorption ratio by 85 percent which may be related to the release of calcium from the lime in the soil and replacing of the exchangeable sodium. After leaching, the electrical conductivity of the soil samples was below the critical level, 4 dSm-1, regardless of the applied treatment type which represents the leaching efficiency to remove soluble salts from the soil profile. In general, application of the gypsum, equal to gypsum requirement, and organic matter in the leaching process, is recommended for effective reclamation of soils in the study area. Soluble salts and sodium are the main problems of the soils in arid and semi-arid regions. Application of organic and mineral conditioners is a basic strategy to accelerate the leaching and reclamation of these soils. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of organic matter and gypsum in the reclamation of a saline and sodic soil using leaching columns. Soil sample was selected from abandoned agricultural lands in the western edge of Urmia lake. Soil leaching was conducted continuously based on the pore volume. The cations, electrical conductivity and sodium adsorption ratio in each pore volume of drain water were measured. In addition, these parameters were determined after the completion of leaching throughout leaching columns. The results indicated that in the control treatment, leaching couldn’t be continued for more than two pore volumes which may be attributed to effect of the high exchangeable sodium on destruction of soil structure and blocking of the soil pores. The sodium adsorption ratio of soil sample after leaching in gypsum and gypsum with organic matter treatments, decreased from 62.5 (meql-1)0.5 to 1.08 and 1.51 (meql-1)0.5, respectively, which reflects the effectiveness of gypsum and organic materials in sodic soil reclamation. The organic matter treatment also decreased the sodium adsorption ratio by 85 percent which may be related to the release of calcium from the lime in the soil and replacing of the exchangeable sodium. After leaching, the electrical conductivity of the soil samples was below the critical level, 4 dSm-1, regardless of the applied treatment type which represents the leaching efficiency to remove soluble salts from the soil profile. In general, application of the gypsum, equal to gypsum requirement, and organic matter in the leaching process, is recommended for effective reclamation of soils in the study area. https://asr.urmia.ac.ir/article_120649_0b68aa3d7398933e2a4f5fea1344639e.pdf

Urmia University Applied Soil Research 2423-7116 6 4 2019 02 20 Effect of various temperature and moisture conditions on Sulfur oxidation and nutrient elements concentration in soil Effect of various temperature and moisture conditions on Sulfur oxidation and nutrient elements concentration in soil 133 145 120650 FA Nosratolah Montajabi Journal Article 2016 11 02 Research purpose was investigation of moisture, temperature and incubation periods effect on Sulfur oxidation, pH change and nutrient elements availability. This research was conducted with two experiments in randomized complete blocks designe with 3 replications. In the first experiment, treatments were the factorial combination of 2 moisture levels [%60FC(M1) and %90FC(M2)], 4 Sulfur levels (S0=0, S1=500, S2=1000 and S3=2000kg/ha) and 6 incubation periods (T1=30, T2=60, T3=90, T4=120, T5=180 and T6=270 days) and Soils were incubated at 25°C. In the second experiment, Soils were incubated for 3 periods (T7=14, T8=28, T9=42 days) at 36°C. PH, EC, available P, Fe, zn and Mn were measured. Variance Analysis indicated that Sulfur and its interaction with moisture effects was not significant on available P. Also moisture and incubation period interaction was not significant on available Mn. Main effects and interactions of variables were significant on all measured characteristics with except for mentioned characteristics. Moisture increasing caused increasing of EC, P, Fe, Zn and decreasing of pH and Mn. Sulfur application decreased pH and increased EC, Fe, Zn and Mn. The most concentration of Fe, Mn and Zn accrued with 1000kg/ha sulfur application. Effect of incubation periods was significant on all attributes. Incubation period of 90 days (T3) had the most P and Zn. The most concentration of Fe and Mn gained after 60 days incubation. Moisture and sulfur interaction was significant on all measured characteristics with except for Phosphorus. Moisture and incubation period interaction had significant difference on all measured attributes with the exception of Manganese. Interaction of Sulfur and incubation period was significant on all measured attributes. The tri- combined treatments had significant difference on the measured characteristics with the exception of available P. The best recommendable treatment is M2S2T3. Research purpose was investigation of moisture, temperature and incubation periods effect on Sulfur oxidation, pH change and nutrient elements availability. This research was conducted with two experiments in randomized complete blocks designe with 3 replications. In the first experiment, treatments were the factorial combination of 2 moisture levels [%60FC(M1) and %90FC(M2)], 4 Sulfur levels (S0=0, S1=500, S2=1000 and S3=2000kg/ha) and 6 incubation periods (T1=30, T2=60, T3=90, T4=120, T5=180 and T6=270 days) and Soils were incubated at 25°C. In the second experiment, Soils were incubated for 3 periods (T7=14, T8=28, T9=42 days) at 36°C. PH, EC, available P, Fe, zn and Mn were measured. Variance Analysis indicated that Sulfur and its interaction with moisture effects was not significant on available P. Also moisture and incubation period interaction was not significant on available Mn. Main effects and interactions of variables were significant on all measured characteristics with except for mentioned characteristics. Moisture increasing caused increasing of EC, P, Fe, Zn and decreasing of pH and Mn. Sulfur application decreased pH and increased EC, Fe, Zn and Mn. The most concentration of Fe, Mn and Zn accrued with 1000kg/ha sulfur application. Effect of incubation periods was significant on all attributes. Incubation period of 90 days (T3) had the most P and Zn. The most concentration of Fe and Mn gained after 60 days incubation. Moisture and sulfur interaction was significant on all measured characteristics with except for Phosphorus. Moisture and incubation period interaction had significant difference on all measured attributes with the exception of Manganese. Interaction of Sulfur and incubation period was significant on all measured attributes. The tri- combined treatments had significant difference on the measured characteristics with the exception of available P. The best recommendable treatment is M2S2T3. https://asr.urmia.ac.ir/article_120650_587d96b09cc5676f332efdb82cd51e65.pdf

Urmia University Applied Soil Research 2423-7116 6 4 2019 02 20 Increasing irrigation efficiency in rice paddies using Azolla compost under water deficit conditions Increasing irrigation efficiency in rice paddies using Azolla compost under water deficit conditions 146 160 120661 FA Sina Siavash Moghaddam Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran Seyyed Ali Noorhosseini Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Payame Noor University (PNU), P.O.Box, 19395-3697 Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2017 01 06 A pot experiment was conducted to determine the effect of composted Azolla on reducing soil moisture stress in water deficit condition and on growth and yield of rice in Rice Research Institute of Iran (RRII) in 2011. The experiment was in a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) whis 8 irrigation regimes (A1, A2… and A8) as the first factor and use of different values of composted Azolla as second factor in 4 levels (B1= control, without compost, B2 = 2.5 %, B3 = 5% and B4 = 7.5% by weight of soil in pot), which was conducted in three replicates. The results showed significant effect by different irrigation regimes on panicle length, plant height, number of tillers and grain yield and also on nitrogen and phosphorus and potassium uptake in paddy and rice straw, but had no significant effect on the other properties. The effect of composted Azolla had significant effect on panicle length, panicle weight and grain yield, and on salinity, pH, organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of the. The overall results of the project showed that treatment A2B4 (irrigation as soil saturation during the growing season with 2.5 % of Azolla compost) is one of the best treatment. Use of this management, especially in water deficit condition can increase water use efficiency by 19.37 percent and soil fertility too. Use of compost can be a good alternative instate of chemical fertilizers in Long-term rice cultivation, environmental health and sustainable agriculture. A pot experiment was conducted to determine the effect of composted Azolla on reducing soil moisture stress in water deficit condition and on growth and yield of rice in Rice Research Institute of Iran (RRII) in 2011. The experiment was in a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) whis 8 irrigation regimes (A1, A2… and A8) as the first factor and use of different values of composted Azolla as second factor in 4 levels (B1= control, without compost, B2 = 2.5 %, B3 = 5% and B4 = 7.5% by weight of soil in pot), which was conducted in three replicates. The results showed significant effect by different irrigation regimes on panicle length, plant height, number of tillers and grain yield and also on nitrogen and phosphorus and potassium uptake in paddy and rice straw, but had no significant effect on the other properties. The effect of composted Azolla had significant effect on panicle length, panicle weight and grain yield, and on salinity, pH, organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of the. The overall results of the project showed that treatment A2B4 (irrigation as soil saturation during the growing season with 2.5 % of Azolla compost) is one of the best treatment. Use of this management, especially in water deficit condition can increase water use efficiency by 19.37 percent and soil fertility too. Use of compost can be a good alternative instate of chemical fertilizers in Long-term rice cultivation, environmental health and sustainable agriculture. https://asr.urmia.ac.ir/article_120661_778c59f331995beb0607e507df1ca3b0.pdf