Urmia University Applied Soil Research 2423-7116 7 2 2019 08 23 Evaluation of Some Extraction methods for Determination of Corn Available copper in Some Calcareous Soils of Iran Evaluation of Some Extraction methods for Determination of Corn Available copper in Some Calcareous Soils of Iran 1 13 120707 FA Adel Reyhanitabar Journal Article 2017 05 07 The effectiveness of different extraction methods for the prediction of available Cu concentration was studied in 21 calcareous surface soils (0-30 cm) in western Iran. The greenhouse experiment was conducted with single cross 704 (SC-704) cultivar of corn plant (Zea mays L.) with three replications. The leaf chlorophyll index, shoot dry weight and shoot Cu concentration were measured at the end of the growing period (after 60 days). Various extractants were applied for extraction of soil available Cu, including DTPA, AB-DTPA, AC-EDTA, Hydroxylamine Hydrochloride, and Ammonium Oxalate. According to results, extracted Cu by various extractants was insignificantly correlated with plant growth indices. However, significantly correlation was found between The Log DTPA-TEA-Cu and Log Root-Cu content. The highest (25.9 mg kg-1) and the lowest (1.57 mg kg-1) concentrations of extractable Cu was extracted with ammonium oxalate and DTPA-TEA respectively. The most significant correlation coefficient (r=0.93**) was obtained between AB-DTPA and AC-EDTA extraction methods. Results revealed that the DTPA-TEA was the most effective Cu extractant in this study. The effectiveness of different extraction methods for the prediction of available Cu concentration was studied in 21 calcareous surface soils (0-30 cm) in western Iran. The greenhouse experiment was conducted with single cross 704 (SC-704) cultivar of corn plant (Zea mays L.) with three replications. The leaf chlorophyll index, shoot dry weight and shoot Cu concentration were measured at the end of the growing period (after 60 days). Various extractants were applied for extraction of soil available Cu, including DTPA, AB-DTPA, AC-EDTA, Hydroxylamine Hydrochloride, and Ammonium Oxalate. According to results, extracted Cu by various extractants was insignificantly correlated with plant growth indices. However, significantly correlation was found between The Log DTPA-TEA-Cu and Log Root-Cu content. The highest (25.9 mg kg-1) and the lowest (1.57 mg kg-1) concentrations of extractable Cu was extracted with ammonium oxalate and DTPA-TEA respectively. The most significant correlation coefficient (r=0.93**) was obtained between AB-DTPA and AC-EDTA extraction methods. Results revealed that the DTPA-TEA was the most effective Cu extractant in this study.

https://asr.urmia.ac.ir/article_120707_b9b5bbec0bd7ae2126e36831a2b7da98.pdf

Urmia University Applied Soil Research 2423-7116 7 2 2019 08 23 Isolation, Molecular Identification, and Assessing Plant Growth Promoting Activities of Biofilm Forming Bacteria from Gramineae Rhizosphere in North West of Iran Isolation, Molecular Identification, and Assessing Plant Growth Promoting Activities of Biofilm Forming Bacteria from Gramineae Rhizosphere in North West of Iran 14 28 120708 FA Esmaeil Karimi Soil Science Department, University of MAragheh Naser Aliasgharzad Soil Science department, faculty of agriculture, University of Tabriz Mohammad Reza Neyshabouri Soil science department, faculty of agriculture, university of Tabriz Ezatallah Esfandiari Esfandiari agronomy department, faculty of agriculture, university of Margheh. Journal Article 2017 08 07 Plant-associated rhizospheric bacteria which form biofilms have higher positive effects on plants in fluctuating environments. Thus, to study of these bacteria, 50 rhizospheric samples were taken from grass geramineae roots. After preparing the suspension, 100 microlitere was cultured on TSA medium and then pure culture of bacteria was prepared. Resulted showed that up to 90% of these isolates were able to form biofilm, so that they could be categorized in five groups as: pellicle, very adherent, moderately adherent, weakly adherent and non-adherent. 16S rDNA analysis revealed six different genus of bacteria. Bacillus are the predominant group (80%) of robust biofilm forming in the grass geramineae rhizosphere. The water deficit tolerance of isolates was assessed by rising concentration of sorbitol (1, 10, 20 and 30 %, w/v). All isolates were able to grow in -25 bar matric potential. Isolates showed good potential to producing auxins ranging from 6 - 65 µg mL-1, ACC-deaminase activity (up to 2.14 µmol α-ketobutyrate in 36 h), Ca3(PO4)2 solublization ranging from 1.2 – 251 mg L-1 and K releasing ability 90 to 250 mg L-1. Only three bacteria were able to produce siderophore. It seems that these isolates can be suitable candidates for doing some greeanhaous or pot experiment subjected to protecting plants against water deficit stress. Moreover, they can act as plant growth promoting bacteria as well. Plant-associated rhizospheric bacteria which form biofilms have higher positive effects on plants in fluctuating environments. Thus, to study of these bacteria, 50 rhizospheric samples were taken from grass geramineae roots. After preparing the suspension, 100 microlitere was cultured on TSA medium and then pure culture of bacteria was prepared. Resulted showed that up to 90% of these isolates were able to form biofilm, so that they could be categorized in five groups as: pellicle, very adherent, moderately adherent, weakly adherent and non-adherent. 16S rDNA analysis revealed six different genus of bacteria. Bacillus are the predominant group (80%) of robust biofilm forming in the grass geramineae rhizosphere. The water deficit tolerance of isolates was assessed by rising concentration of sorbitol (1, 10, 20 and 30 %, w/v). All isolates were able to grow in -25 bar matric potential. Isolates showed good potential to producing auxins ranging from 6 - 65 µg mL-1, ACC-deaminase activity (up to 2.14 µmol α-ketobutyrate in 36 h), Ca3(PO4)2 solublization ranging from 1.2 – 251 mg L-1 and K releasing ability 90 to 250 mg L-1. Only three bacteria were able to produce siderophore. It seems that these isolates can be suitable candidates for doing some greeanhaous or pot experiment subjected to protecting plants against water deficit stress. Moreover, they can act as plant growth promoting bacteria as well.

https://asr.urmia.ac.ir/article_120708_62de424d3f8b904b2cbc87d7cf43ade3.pdf

Urmia University Applied Soil Research 2423-7116 7 2 2019 08 23 Effect of different levels of nitrogen and different ratios of nitrate: ammonium on chemical composition and essential oil of denaii thyme in saline and non-saline conditions Effect of different levels of nitrogen and different ratios of nitrate: ammonium on chemical composition and essential oil of denaii thyme in saline and non-saline conditions 29 43 120706 FA Simin Shahoori Dept. of Soil science, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Iran Ebrahim Sepehr urmia 0000-0001-5843-0669 Amir Rahimi urmia Journal Article 2017 09 17 In order to study the different levels of nitrogen and different nitrate: ammonium ratios in saline and non-saline conditions on the content of chlorophyll, the amount of nutrients and essential oil of denaii thyme, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with 30 treatments and 3 replications. Nitrogen in three levels (5, 10 and 15 mM), nitrate: ammonium ratios in five levels (100: 0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, 0: 100) and salinity in two levels (0 and 50 mM Sodium Chloride) were treated. Results showed that the concentration of nutrients, chlorophyll content and essential oil yield were increased by increasing in nitrogen amount. In terms of different nitrate: ammonium ratios, the concentration of potassium, sodium and chlorophyll content in plant were increased by increasing nitrate ratio, whereas the concentration of nitrogen, phosphorus, iron, copper and zinc in plant tissues were increased by increasing ammonium ratio. Salinity reduced the concentration of nutrients, chlorophyll content and essential oil percentage and increased sodium concentration in plant tissues. The highest percentage and yield of essential oil were obtained from the 75:25 ratio in non- saline conditions and from 50:50 ratio in saline conditions. In order to study the different levels of nitrogen and different nitrate: ammonium ratios in saline and non-saline conditions on the content of chlorophyll, the amount of nutrients and essential oil of denaii thyme, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with 30 treatments and 3 replications. Nitrogen in three levels (5, 10 and 15 mM), nitrate: ammonium ratios in five levels (100: 0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, 0: 100) and salinity in two levels (0 and 50 mM Sodium Chloride) were treated. Results showed that the concentration of nutrients, chlorophyll content and essential oil yield were increased by increasing in nitrogen amount. In terms of different nitrate: ammonium ratios, the concentration of potassium, sodium and chlorophyll content in plant were increased by increasing nitrate ratio, whereas the concentration of nitrogen, phosphorus, iron, copper and zinc in plant tissues were increased by increasing ammonium ratio. Salinity reduced the concentration of nutrients, chlorophyll content and essential oil percentage and increased sodium concentration in plant tissues. The highest percentage and yield of essential oil were obtained from the 75:25 ratio in non- saline conditions and from 50:50 ratio in saline conditions.

https://asr.urmia.ac.ir/article_120706_71ca8461055993ad4ec084c89bd60371.pdf

Urmia University Applied Soil Research 2423-7116 7 2 2019 08 23 Nutrition status evaluating of Hormozgan lime orchards using correlation and path analysis Nutrition status evaluating of Hormozgan lime orchards using correlation and path analysis 44 55 120709 FA Yaaghoob Hosseini Soil and Water Research Department, Hormozgan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Bandar Abbas, Iran. Jahanshah Saleh Soil and Water Research Department, Hormozgan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Bandar Abbas, Iran. Journal Article 2017 04 28 The average yield per hectare of lemon orchards in Iran, compared with the global average, has considerable distance. In general, environmental factors, especially soil and nutritional factors play a crucial role in the performance and growth of plants. That which agents will create more restrictions on Plant, it can be important on plant product management and its quantity improvement. To identify the nutritional status of lemon orchards in Hormozgan and determine the direct and indirect effects of factors affecting yield, the three major regions of the province (in terms of lemon gardens) reviews, the Hashtbandi, central Minab and Rudan and in each region 20 lime orchards (total 60 orchards) were selected. Then yield, some soil properties at two depths, irrigation water characteristics and nutrient concentration in leaves and some fruit quality parameters of lemon trees were determined. Data analysis and interpretation showed, in general, there was no nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium deficiency in most orchards, while an excess of chlorine and boron concentration caused yellowing and leaf margin burn in most orchards. Correlational studies showed that most of the characteristics (like clay, leaf chlorine and boron concentration) were significantly correlated with yield, had a negative impact on that. The result of path analysis showed that leaf chlorine concentration had the highest direct effect on the yield (90 %), while a direct impact of total calcium and magnesium was below one percent on the yield. Generally, the most negative effect on yield was by clay, water boron concentrations, and leaf chlorine concentration that the significant portions of these effects were direct. So it is recommended in order to increase yield that solutions be considered that directly mitigate the harmful factors. The average yield per hectare of lemon orchards in Iran, compared with the global average, has considerable distance. In general, environmental factors, especially soil and nutritional factors play a crucial role in the performance and growth of plants. That which agents will create more restrictions on Plant, it can be important on plant product management and its quantity improvement. To identify the nutritional status of lemon orchards in Hormozgan and determine the direct and indirect effects of factors affecting yield, the three major regions of the province (in terms of lemon gardens) reviews, the Hashtbandi, central Minab and Rudan and in each region 20 lime orchards (total 60 orchards) were selected. Then yield, some soil properties at two depths, irrigation water characteristics and nutrient concentration in leaves and some fruit quality parameters of lemon trees were determined. Data analysis and interpretation showed, in general, there was no nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium deficiency in most orchards, while an excess of chlorine and boron concentration caused yellowing and leaf margin burn in most orchards. Correlational studies showed that most of the characteristics (like clay, leaf chlorine and boron concentration) were significantly correlated with yield, had a negative impact on that. The result of path analysis showed that leaf chlorine concentration had the highest direct effect on the yield (90 %), while a direct impact of total calcium and magnesium was below one percent on the yield. Generally, the most negative effect on yield was by clay, water boron concentrations, and leaf chlorine concentration that the significant portions of these effects were direct. So it is recommended in order to increase yield that solutions be considered that directly mitigate the harmful factors.

https://asr.urmia.ac.ir/article_120709_a3882b6b6ba39f78f32b92c50c724486.pdf

Urmia University Applied Soil Research 2423-7116 7 2 2019 08 23 Prediction of Cation Exchange Capacity using fractal dimension of soil particle size distribution Prediction of Cation Exchange Capacity using fractal dimension of soil particle size distribution 56 66 120710 FA Mahmood Reza Sadikhani Young Researchers and Elite Club, Khorramabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khorramabad, Iran Journal Article 2017 04 13 Cation exchange capacity (CEC) is one of the most important soil properties. This property can describe many of soil properties such as soil fertility, specific area and soil water content. Whereas measuring this property is expensive, time-consuming and laboratory tools needed, hence, prediction of CEC using pedotransfer function (PTF) and soil easily properties is very important in soil science studies. So, the objective of the present study was to develop regression pedotransfer functions to predict the CEC using fractal dimension of soil particles. Consequently, 106 soil samples of UNSODA dataset were used. Fractal dimension of soil particle size was calculated and then was used to develop a PTF to predict the soil CEC. Performance of suggested fractal regression was compared the existed functions that use other soil properties as input. Results showed that between all soil easily properties only fractal dimension, % clay and organic matter had a significant coefficient. Suggested fractal regression model (R2= 0.62, RMSE= 5.3 and ME= 0.004) and validation (R2= 0.59, RMSE= 5.4 and ME= 0.054) had a better performance that other functions including suggested function, Bell and Vankulen. With considering of good performance of the suggested fractal function, applying fractal dimension that shows effects of soil texture with a number is approved. Cation exchange capacity (CEC) is one of the most important soil properties. This property can describe many of soil properties such as soil fertility, specific area and soil water content. Whereas measuring this property is expensive, time-consuming and laboratory tools needed, hence, prediction of CEC using pedotransfer function (PTF) and soil easily properties is very important in soil science studies. So, the objective of the present study was to develop regression pedotransfer functions to predict the CEC using fractal dimension of soil particles. Consequently, 106 soil samples of UNSODA dataset were used. Fractal dimension of soil particle size was calculated and then was used to develop a PTF to predict the soil CEC. Performance of suggested fractal regression was compared the existed functions that use other soil properties as input. Results showed that between all soil easily properties only fractal dimension, % clay and organic matter had a significant coefficient. Suggested fractal regression model (R2= 0.62, RMSE= 5.3 and ME= 0.004) and validation (R2= 0.59, RMSE= 5.4 and ME= 0.054) had a better performance that other functions including suggested function, Bell and Vankulen. With considering of good performance of the suggested fractal function, applying fractal dimension that shows effects of soil texture with a number is approved.

https://asr.urmia.ac.ir/article_120710_be8ca8532872ac1cf00181ce2a8ae00f.pdf

Urmia University Applied Soil Research 2423-7116 7 2 2019 08 23 Effect of Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) on distribution of phosphorus forms in a calcareous soil Effect of Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) on distribution of phosphorus forms in a calcareous soil 67 81 120711 FA Neda Moradi Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran MirHassan Rasouli-Sadaghiani Dept of Soil Sci. Urmia Uni Journal Article 2019 02 08 Recognition of the distribution of various phosphorus forms influenced the activity of microorganisms in soil is essential for better understanding of their capacity to maintain and provide phosphorus for plants. In this study to investigate the role of phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) in the distribution of different forms of soil phosphorus, a surface soil sample (0-30 cm) were selected in West Azarbaijan with a loamy texture, Belongs to the Typic clacixerpts subgroup. An experiment was conducted as a factorial in a completely randomized design with two factors: Microbial treatments (control (no inoculation) and bacterial strains (Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus megaterium) and sampling time (0, 7, 21, 45 days) in six replications. Soil samples were incubated at 28 ° C for a period of 45 days. Then, different forms of inorganic phosphorus, organic phosphorus and Olsen phosphorus were determined by sequential extraction method. Soil pH value 7.7, Clay soil tested 17% and activated calcium carbonate in soil 3.5%. Ca10-P formed was 45% of total phosphorus in the soil and indicates its importance in the calcareous soil. The results showed that the bacterial treatment caused significant changes in the amount of phosphorus, organic phosphorus and mineral phosphorus, the amount of available phosphorus, organic phosphorus and mineral form (di-calcium phosphate (Ca2-P)) in bacterial inoculation compared to control treatment increased 66, 15 and 92%, respectively. However, the octa-calcium phosphate (Ca8-P) and apatite (Ca10-P) forms in the treatment of bacteria were reduced 13 and 5%, respectively. In addition, the Al -P form was increased 10% compared to control in bacteria treatment. In the treatment of bacterial significant correlation (r=0.84**) between P (Olsen-P) and (Ca2-P, O-P, and Al-P) was present in the soil. The amount of phosphorus in different forms in the treatment of bacteria was as O-P> Ca10-P> Ca8-P> Olsen-P> Ca2-P> Al-P at the end of incubation. The results showed that inoculation of bacterial, increase the solubility of the available phosphorus forms in the soil. Recognition of the distribution of various phosphorus forms influenced the activity of microorganisms in soil is essential for better understanding of their capacity to maintain and provide phosphorus for plants. In this study to investigate the role of phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) in the distribution of different forms of soil phosphorus, a surface soil sample (0-30 cm) were selected in West Azarbaijan with a loamy texture, Belongs to the Typic clacixerpts subgroup. An experiment was conducted as a factorial in a completely randomized design with two factors: Microbial treatments (control (no inoculation) and bacterial strains (Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus megaterium) and sampling time (0, 7, 21, 45 days) in six replications. Soil samples were incubated at 28 ° C for a period of 45 days. Then, different forms of inorganic phosphorus, organic phosphorus and Olsen phosphorus were determined by sequential extraction method. Soil pH value 7.7, Clay soil tested 17% and activated calcium carbonate in soil 3.5%. Ca10-P formed was 45% of total phosphorus in the soil and indicates its importance in the calcareous soil. The results showed that the bacterial treatment caused significant changes in the amount of phosphorus, organic phosphorus and mineral phosphorus, the amount of available phosphorus, organic phosphorus and mineral form (di-calcium phosphate (Ca2-P)) in bacterial inoculation compared to control treatment increased 66, 15 and 92%, respectively. However, the octa-calcium phosphate (Ca8-P) and apatite (Ca10-P) forms in the treatment of bacteria were reduced 13 and 5%, respectively. In addition, the Al -P form was increased 10% compared to control in bacteria treatment. In the treatment of bacterial significant correlation (r=0.84**) between P (Olsen-P) and (Ca2-P, O-P, and Al-P) was present in the soil. The amount of phosphorus in different forms in the treatment of bacteria was as O-P> Ca10-P> Ca8-P> Olsen-P> Ca2-P> Al-P at the end of incubation. The results showed that inoculation of bacterial, increase the solubility of the available phosphorus forms in the soil.

https://asr.urmia.ac.ir/article_120711_1df39530456218da1f40b5f99093b62f.pdf

Urmia University Applied Soil Research 2423-7116 7 2 2019 08 23 Spatial variation of some soil properties and their relationship to tea yield in Fouman region, Guilan Spatial variation of some soil properties and their relationship to tea yield in Fouman region, Guilan 82 96 120712 FA Kasra Samiei Graduate Msc Student, Dept. of Soil Science, University of Guilan Mohsen Zavvareh Dept. of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, University of Guilan Hasan Ramezanpour 2Associate Professor, Dept. of Soil Science, University of Guilan Journal Article 2017 07 30

https://asr.urmia.ac.ir/article_120712_6c9f4a6c21210bdc8491d5e47e98ae12.pdf

Urmia University Applied Soil Research 2423-7116 7 2 2019 08 23 Investigating the Effect of Salt Type and its Concentration on the Absorption Efficiency of the Superabsorbent Investigating the Effect of Salt Type and its Concentration on the Absorption Efficiency of the Superabsorbent 97 108 120713 FA Saeid Jalili Journal Article 2017 10 15 In this study, two types of superabsorbents (Aquasorb and Stockosorb) and four types of salt including sodium sulfate, potassium chloride, calcium chloride and sodium chloride with the concentrations of 0.005, 0.05 and 0.1 M were used. The results showed that in the early stages of the experiment, the absorption capacity of Aquasorb was higher than the Stockosorb and after 30 to 45 min, the absorption capacity of Stockosorb in most cases was increased in comparison to the Aquasorb. The NaCl and CaCl2 salts in all concentrations had the minimum and maximum effects on the decreased of absorption, compared to the reference solution for both superabsorbents, respectively. The rate of absorption in all solutions decreased over time. Also, increasing the concentration of solutions reduced the absorption rate. In all solutions, in the early stages of the experiment, the reduction in absorption rate by Aquasorb was lower than of the Stockosorb. After the water absorption by Aquasorb in all concentrations, the salinity order of solutions was as follows: Na2SO4 > CaCl2 > KCl > NaCl. However, in the case of Stockosorb, there was no consistent trend among the different concentrations of solutions. According to the obtained results and based upon the more absorption capacity of Aquasorb compared to the Stockosorb at initial times, application of Aquasorb absorbent is recommended in the areas in which cloudburst takes place at times less than 30 min and in the dry farming areas. Also, according to the absorption results obtained within 24 h and the high absorption capacity of Stockosorb in comparison with the Aquasorb, the application of Stockosorb is recommended in the irrigated agriculture conditions. In this study, two types of superabsorbents (Aquasorb and Stockosorb) and four types of salt including sodium sulfate, potassium chloride, calcium chloride and sodium chloride with the concentrations of 0.005, 0.05 and 0.1 M were used. The results showed that in the early stages of the experiment, the absorption capacity of Aquasorb was higher than the Stockosorb and after 30 to 45 min, the absorption capacity of Stockosorb in most cases was increased in comparison to the Aquasorb. The NaCl and CaCl2 salts in all concentrations had the minimum and maximum effects on the decreased of absorption, compared to the reference solution for both superabsorbents, respectively. The rate of absorption in all solutions decreased over time. Also, increasing the concentration of solutions reduced the absorption rate. In all solutions, in the early stages of the experiment, the reduction in absorption rate by Aquasorb was lower than of the Stockosorb. After the water absorption by Aquasorb in all concentrations, the salinity order of solutions was as follows: Na2SO4 > CaCl2 > KCl > NaCl. However, in the case of Stockosorb, there was no consistent trend among the different concentrations of solutions. According to the obtained results and based upon the more absorption capacity of Aquasorb compared to the Stockosorb at initial times, application of Aquasorb absorbent is recommended in the areas in which cloudburst takes place at times less than 30 min and in the dry farming areas. Also, according to the absorption results obtained within 24 h and the high absorption capacity of Stockosorb in comparison with the Aquasorb, the application of Stockosorb is recommended in the irrigated agriculture conditions.

https://asr.urmia.ac.ir/article_120713_e83f4d85c25599409933c35ea2cac0c1.pdf

Urmia University Applied Soil Research 2423-7116 7 2 2019 08 23 Isolation and screening of native azotobacter from salt affected soils and measurement of their growth promoting properties Isolation and screening of native azotobacter from salt affected soils and measurement of their growth promoting properties 109 122 120714 FA Reza Khodadadi gorgan university Reza Ghorbani-Nasrabadi PhD of Soil Biology & Biotechnology Dept. of Soil Science College of Soil & Water. University College of Agriculture. Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources,Gorgan, Iran Mohsen Olamaee Ph.D) Associate Professor Dept. of Soil Science, Faculty of Water and soil Gorgan University ,Iran Seyed Alireza Movahedi Naeini Ph.D) Associate Professor Dept. of Soil Science, Faculty of Water and soil Gorgan University ,Iran Journal Article 2017 06 08 Salinity as one of the major abiotic stresses severely affects crop productivity. Plant growth promoting bacteria is being considered to ameliorate salinity stress. Fifteen samples of salt affected soils from Golestan province were collected to isolate Azotobacter. Thirty- two bacterial isolates were isolated and purified. Physiological and biochemical tests confirmed twenty-three isolates belongs to Genus Azotobacter. The isolates were assessed for their growth in liquid medium supplemented with 2, 5 and 10 % of salt. Exopolysaccharide production, drought stress tolerant and some selected growth promoting properties such as nitrogen fixation, solubilization insoluble potassium, tri-calcium phosphate solubilization, indole acetic acid and hydrogen cyanid production capability was evaluated. Results showed that increasing salt concentration had negative effect on bacterial growth. Exopolysaccharide production (0.4-5.6 g L-1) was positive by 78.2% of the isolates. Higher levels of polyethylene glycol reduced growth of the isolates. Plant growth promoting tests showed tri-calcium phosphate solubilization (52.5-218.1 gL-1), IAA production (2.4 - 60.2 mg L-1), potassium solubilization (12.9-28.3 mg L-1) and biological nitrogen fixation (2.9 - 5.1 nmol ethylene hr-1). Among the 23 isolates to Azotobacter, based on physiological tests of bacteria in different levels of salt and drought and PGPR tests, isolate AZ13 was selected as the superior isolate. Salinity as one of the major abiotic stresses severely affects crop productivity. Plant growth promoting bacteria is being considered to ameliorate salinity stress. Fifteen samples of salt affected soils from Golestan province were collected to isolate Azotobacter. Thirty- two bacterial isolates were isolated and purified. Physiological and biochemical tests confirmed twenty-three isolates belongs to Genus Azotobacter. The isolates were assessed for their growth in liquid medium supplemented with 2, 5 and 10 % of salt. Exopolysaccharide production, drought stress tolerant and some selected growth promoting properties such as nitrogen fixation, solubilization insoluble potassium, tri-calcium phosphate solubilization, indole acetic acid and hydrogen cyanid production capability was evaluated. Results showed that increasing salt concentration had negative effect on bacterial growth. Exopolysaccharide production (0.4-5.6 g L-1) was positive by 78.2% of the isolates. Higher levels of polyethylene glycol reduced growth of the isolates. Plant growth promoting tests showed tri-calcium phosphate solubilization (52.5-218.1 gL-1), IAA production (2.4 - 60.2 mg L-1), potassium solubilization (12.9-28.3 mg L-1) and biological nitrogen fixation (2.9 - 5.1 nmol ethylene hr-1). Among the 23 isolates to Azotobacter, based on physiological tests of bacteria in different levels of salt and drought and PGPR tests, isolate AZ13 was selected as the superior isolate.

https://asr.urmia.ac.ir/article_120714_cdfc0e33267b0fda19d2571a34a60a97.pdf

Urmia University Applied Soil Research 2423-7116 7 2 2019 08 23 Zinc and manganese nutrients influence on yield and some qualitative attributes of Hamedan white garlic Zinc and manganese nutrients influence on yield and some qualitative attributes of Hamedan white garlic 123 134 120715 FA Rahim Motallebifard Research Assistant Professor of Soil and Water Research Department, East Azerbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Tabriz, Iran. Fariba Bayat Agricultural Engineering Research Department, Hamedan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research Education and Extention Organization (AREEO), Hamedan, Iran. Journal Article 2017 11 21 With the increasing of demand for medicinal plants, the world consumption of garlic in many continues is growing. Therefore, the quality can influence the acceptability of the products by consumers. The study was conducted to investigate the effect of Zinc (Zn) and Manganese (Mn) micronutrients on yield and growth parameters of garlic (Allium sativum L.). The experiment was laid out in Hamedan province during 2010-2012 as factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The experimental was conducted with four levels of Zn (0, 20, 40 and 60 kg ha-1) and three levels of Mn (0, 20 and 40 kg ha-1). As the results, the yield and growth parameters correlated significantly with increasing of zinc concentration. The highest yield (7997 kg ha-1) was obtained by application of 20 kg ha-1 zinc sulfate respective to the control (6099 kg ha-1). Significant correlation was obtained between Mn concentration and plant yield, and soluble solids concentration only. The interaction of Zn and Mn application were significant on number of gloves and brix. In general, to increase the yield and improvement the quality of garlic, application of 20 kg ha-1 zinc sulfate and 40 kg ha-1 manganese sulfate could be recommended for regions and conditions like of current project conditions. With the increasing of demand for medicinal plants, the world consumption of garlic in many continues is growing. Therefore, the quality can influence the acceptability of the products by consumers. The study was conducted to investigate the effect of Zinc (Zn) and Manganese (Mn) micronutrients on yield and growth parameters of garlic (Allium sativum L.). The experiment was laid out in Hamedan province during 2010-2012 as factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The experimental was conducted with four levels of Zn (0, 20, 40 and 60 kg ha-1) and three levels of Mn (0, 20 and 40 kg ha-1). As the results, the yield and growth parameters correlated significantly with increasing of zinc concentration. The highest yield (7997 kg ha-1) was obtained by application of 20 kg ha-1 zinc sulfate respective to the control (6099 kg ha-1). Significant correlation was obtained between Mn concentration and plant yield, and soluble solids concentration only. The interaction of Zn and Mn application were significant on number of gloves and brix. In general, to increase the yield and improvement the quality of garlic, application of 20 kg ha-1 zinc sulfate and 40 kg ha-1 manganese sulfate could be recommended for regions and conditions like of current project conditions.

https://asr.urmia.ac.ir/article_120715_7e45527b3a5674aa10fb5f68fd8c465f.pdf

Urmia University Applied Soil Research 2423-7116 7 2 2019 08 23 Investigating temporal variation of rill erosion in an erosion-susceptible soil under different rainfall intensities Investigating temporal variation of rill erosion in an erosion-susceptible soil under different rainfall intensities 135 147 120716 FA Majid Foroumadi Ph.D. Student of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan Alireza Vaezi Associate professor of soil science, Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan Journal Article 2017 10 22 Rill erosion is a major factor of soil loss in the marl formations. The marl formations are very susceptible to water erosion processes and cover a wide area in some watersheds in arid and semi-arid regions. Knowledge of temporal variation of rill erosion and its effect during a rainfall event can provide information on the mechanism of rill erosion in the hill slopes. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the temporal variation of flow characteristics and rill erosion in a marl soil under different simulated rainfalls. A laboratory experiment was carried out using 10 simulated rainfall intensities ranging from 10 mm h-1 to 100 mm h-1 with three replications. Soil samples were collected from the marl formations in west of Zanjan and separately purred to a flume with 4m in length and 0.94 m in width putted on 10% slope. Rill erosion and flow characteristics (discharge and concentration) were measured at 5-min from starting flow/ runoff in each rainfall intensity. Results indicated that there are substantial differences in the flow starting time, flow concentration and rill erosion among the rainfall intensities (P< 0.0001). Rill flow and erosion rapidly occurred with increasing rainfall intensity. Rill erosion increased speedily during rainfall and reached to approximately constant value in the last times (about 45 min). The flow concentration appeared also a similar trend with the rill erosion, while flow discharge showed an increasing trend in the last times. The study revealed that the threshold and pick time of rill erosion were strongly varied during rainfall. The variation trend of rill erosion during rainfall increases with increasing the rainfall intensity. Rill erosion is a major factor of soil loss in the marl formations. The marl formations are very susceptible to water erosion processes and cover a wide area in some watersheds in arid and semi-arid regions. Knowledge of temporal variation of rill erosion and its effect during a rainfall event can provide information on the mechanism of rill erosion in the hill slopes. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the temporal variation of flow characteristics and rill erosion in a marl soil under different simulated rainfalls. A laboratory experiment was carried out using 10 simulated rainfall intensities ranging from 10 mm h-1 to 100 mm h-1 with three replications. Soil samples were collected from the marl formations in west of Zanjan and separately purred to a flume with 4m in length and 0.94 m in width putted on 10% slope. Rill erosion and flow characteristics (discharge and concentration) were measured at 5-min from starting flow/ runoff in each rainfall intensity. Results indicated that there are substantial differences in the flow starting time, flow concentration and rill erosion among the rainfall intensities (P< 0.0001). Rill flow and erosion rapidly occurred with increasing rainfall intensity. Rill erosion increased speedily during rainfall and reached to approximately constant value in the last times (about 45 min). The flow concentration appeared also a similar trend with the rill erosion, while flow discharge showed an increasing trend in the last times. The study revealed that the threshold and pick time of rill erosion were strongly varied during rainfall. The variation trend of rill erosion during rainfall increases with increasing the rainfall intensity.

https://asr.urmia.ac.ir/article_120716_614a486ee010ef2ec0f16a91cdca9568.pdf

Urmia University Applied Soil Research 2423-7116 7 2 2019 08 23 The study of physicochemical and mineralogical properties of soils in a toposequence in South West of Urmia Lake The study of physicochemical and mineralogical properties of soils in a toposequence in South West of Urmia Lake 148 167 120717 FA Laya Aliyari Urmia University Journal Article 2018 07 12 In order to study the effects of topography on morphological, physicochemical and mineralogical properties of soils, a toposequence composed of three land types (hills, plateau and piedmont plain) in Heydarabad region in the south west of Urmia Lake between Urmia and Mohammadyar cities was investigated. Considering the variations in slope and elevation, type two soil profiles were dug, described and classified in each land and soil samples were taken from genetic horizons and their physicochemical and mineralogical properties were determined using standard methods. According to the results, the depth of soil, solum thickness, the depth and thickness of calcic horizons, the values of clay content, organic carbon, cation exchange capacity, electrical conductivity and calcium carbonate equivalent of soils were increased with decreasing in the slope and elevation of region to the downward of toposequence. Additionally, in the lower part of toposequence (piedmont plain land type), vertical translocation of clay has been lead to the formation of argillic horizons. According to clay mineralogical investigations, illite, smectite, chlorite, kaolinite, vermiculite and palygorskite were the major clay minerals in these soils. Clay mineralogical investigations revealed that in the higher parts of toposequence (soil profiles 1 and 2, hills land type) illite and chlorite were the common clay minerals. Gradually, with decrease in slope, the content of smectite in soils were increased and reached to the highest value and become the dominant clay mineral in the lower part of toposequence (soil profiles 5 and 6, piedmont plain land type). In soil profile 4 (plateau land type), in addition with smectite and illite, palygorskite is present as one of common clay minerals. Variations of topography from hills to plateau and piedmont plain have been effected the value of runoff, the amount of penetrating water and vertical translocation of salts and so affected the development and evolution of soils. Finally, differences in physicochemical and mineralogical properties of soils have been lead to the differentiation of soils along toposequence and their classification in three orders Entisoils, Inceptisols and Alfisols. In order to study the effects of topography on morphological, physicochemical and mineralogical properties of soils, a toposequence composed of three land types (hills, plateau and piedmont plain) in Heydarabad region in the south west of Urmia Lake between Urmia and Mohammadyar cities was investigated. Considering the variations in slope and elevation, type two soil profiles were dug, described and classified in each land and soil samples were taken from genetic horizons and their physicochemical and mineralogical properties were determined using standard methods. According to the results, the depth of soil, solum thickness, the depth and thickness of calcic horizons, the values of clay content, organic carbon, cation exchange capacity, electrical conductivity and calcium carbonate equivalent of soils were increased with decreasing in the slope and elevation of region to the downward of toposequence. Additionally, in the lower part of toposequence (piedmont plain land type), vertical translocation of clay has been lead to the formation of argillic horizons. According to clay mineralogical investigations, illite, smectite, chlorite, kaolinite, vermiculite and palygorskite were the major clay minerals in these soils. Clay mineralogical investigations revealed that in the higher parts of toposequence (soil profiles 1 and 2, hills land type) illite and chlorite were the common clay minerals. Gradually, with decrease in slope, the content of smectite in soils were increased and reached to the highest value and become the dominant clay mineral in the lower part of toposequence (soil profiles 5 and 6, piedmont plain land type). In soil profile 4 (plateau land type), in addition with smectite and illite, palygorskite is present as one of common clay minerals. Variations of topography from hills to plateau and piedmont plain have been effected the value of runoff, the amount of penetrating water and vertical translocation of salts and so affected the development and evolution of soils. Finally, differences in physicochemical and mineralogical properties of soils have been lead to the differentiation of soils along toposequence and their classification in three orders Entisoils, Inceptisols and Alfisols.

https://asr.urmia.ac.ir/article_120717_b6b46dd2cc40f607bb6ec7d18a4227fa.pdf

Urmia University Applied Soil Research 2423-7116 7 2 2019 08 23 Effect of phosphate solubilizing bacteria on phosphorus release kinetic in rhizosphere of sugarcane and correlation with various source of phosphorus Effect of phosphate solubilizing bacteria on phosphorus release kinetic in rhizosphere of sugarcane and correlation with various source of phosphorus 168 181 120718 FA Saeed Safirzadeh Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture- Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran Mostafa Chorom Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran Naeimeh Enayatizamir Departement of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran Journal Article 2017 11 22

https://asr.urmia.ac.ir/article_120718_0939c0a537ee84e904dd66553d9a628b.pdf

Urmia University Applied Soil Research 2423-7116 7 2 2019 08 23 Performance of some infiltration models based on obtained data from double-ring and HYDRUS-1D software Performance of some infiltration models based on obtained data from double-ring and HYDRUS-1D software 182 195 120719 FA Asma Mousavi Dehmurdi Soil Science, Faculty of agriculture, Shahrekord University, shahrekord, iran Shoja Ghorbani-dashtaki Professor, Department of Soil Science, Faculty of agriculture, Shahrekord University Parisa MASHAYEKHI Soil and Water Research Department, Isfahan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center. Agricultural Research, Education and Extension organization (AREEO), Isfahan, Iran. Journal Article 2018 01 02 Water infiltration is one of the most important properties of soil. The importance of infiltration process has led to development of several theoretical and empirical infiltration models. However, the applicability of these models is strongly subjected to the method of infiltration measurement. In this study, double ring infiltration data were collected from different regions of Iran with different soil textures. On the other hand, HYDRUS-1D model was used to simulate vertical infiltration through forward solution of the Richards’ equation. Van Genuchten-Mualem model was used to quantify the soil hydraulic properties. For this purpose, the hydraulic parameters of van Genuchten-Mualem model were optimized using inverse modeling in the HYDRUS, for each region's soil and were used for simulation. In order to evaluate the accuracy of the Horton, Kostiakov, Kostiakov-Louis and Philip models, based on measured and simulated infiltration data, mean error (ME), root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute mean error (MAME), Pearson correlation coefficient (r) and modeling efficiency (EF) statistics were used. The results indicated that the Kostiakov-Lewis model has had the best performance in different soil textures based on measured double ring infiltration data. Horton model has had the best performance based on HYDRUS simulated infiltration data in different soil textures. The Philip model had the least efficiency in estimating cumulative infiltration based on both measured and simulated infiltration data. Water infiltration is one of the most important properties of soil. The importance of infiltration process has led to development of several theoretical and empirical infiltration models. However, the applicability of these models is strongly subjected to the method of infiltration measurement. In this study, double ring infiltration data were collected from different regions of Iran with different soil textures. On the other hand, HYDRUS-1D model was used to simulate vertical infiltration through forward solution of the Richards’ equation. Van Genuchten-Mualem model was used to quantify the soil hydraulic properties. For this purpose, the hydraulic parameters of van Genuchten-Mualem model were optimized using inverse modeling in the HYDRUS, for each region's soil and were used for simulation. In order to evaluate the accuracy of the Horton, Kostiakov, Kostiakov-Louis and Philip models, based on measured and simulated infiltration data, mean error (ME), root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute mean error (MAME), Pearson correlation coefficient (r) and modeling efficiency (EF) statistics were used. The results indicated that the Kostiakov-Lewis model has had the best performance in different soil textures based on measured double ring infiltration data. Horton model has had the best performance based on HYDRUS simulated infiltration data in different soil textures. The Philip model had the least efficiency in estimating cumulative infiltration based on both measured and simulated infiltration data.

https://asr.urmia.ac.ir/article_120719_bef827d94f9348211a2534ef1436d85c.pdf

Urmia University Applied Soil Research 2423-7116 7 2 2019 08 23 Factors affecting potassium pools distribution in some calcareous soils of Kohgilouye and Boyerahmad province Factors affecting potassium pools distribution in some calcareous soils of Kohgilouye and Boyerahmad province 196 207 120720 FA Hamid Reza Owliaie Yasouj University Hamid Reza Boostani Shiraz University Journal Article 2017 10 10 Different factors may affect potassium (K) content in calcareous soils. Potassium forms distribution as a function of various soil physicochemical properties was examined on seventy surface (0-20 cm) and subsurface (20-40 cm) soil samples of Kohgilouye and Boyerahmad province, southwest of Iran. Soil physical, chemical and mineralogical properties were determined according to standard methods. The soil was classified in Xeric and Ustic moisture regimes and Mexic, Termic, and Hyperthermic thermal regimes. As the result, the common clay minerals associations were found to be illite, smectite, chlorite and palygorskite with less content of vermiculite, kaolinite and quartz. Smectite, illite, and palygorskite were the main clay minerals occurring in humid and arid regions respectively. Soil soluble, exchangeable, non-exchangeable and structural K concentrations ranged from 1.2-12.1, 111-521, 153-1705 and 4584-10379 mg kg-1 at the surface and 0.2-5.0, 25-403, 72-1016 and 3227-9541 mg kg-1 at the subsurface soil samples respectively. Exchangeable, non-exchangeable, structural and total K concentrations positively correlated with soil clay content and cation exchange capacity (CEC), however negatively significant correlation was obtained with calcium carbonate content. Different forms of K (except soluble K) had positive and significant relationships with each other (r of 0.48-0.99) and this indicated the equilibration among K forms. Mineralogical studies indicated the positively influence of clay minerals, especially illite and smectite, on exchangeable and nonexchangeable soil K. While the structural and total K contents most affected by smectite and illitic clay minerals. Future studies are required about the mineralogy of soil sand and silt fractions and their influence on soil K status. Different factors may affect potassium (K) content in calcareous soils. Potassium forms distribution as a function of various soil physicochemical properties was examined on seventy surface (0-20 cm) and subsurface (20-40 cm) soil samples of Kohgilouye and Boyerahmad province, southwest of Iran. Soil physical, chemical and mineralogical properties were determined according to standard methods. The soil was classified in Xeric and Ustic moisture regimes and Mexic, Termic, and Hyperthermic thermal regimes. As the result, the common clay minerals associations were found to be illite, smectite, chlorite and palygorskite with less content of vermiculite, kaolinite and quartz. Smectite, illite, and palygorskite were the main clay minerals occurring in humid and arid regions respectively. Soil soluble, exchangeable, non-exchangeable and structural K concentrations ranged from 1.2-12.1, 111-521, 153-1705 and 4584-10379 mg kg-1 at the surface and 0.2-5.0, 25-403, 72-1016 and 3227-9541 mg kg-1 at the subsurface soil samples respectively. Exchangeable, non-exchangeable, structural and total K concentrations positively correlated with soil clay content and cation exchange capacity (CEC), however negatively significant correlation was obtained with calcium carbonate content. Different forms of K (except soluble K) had positive and significant relationships with each other (r of 0.48-0.99) and this indicated the equilibration among K forms. Mineralogical studies indicated the positively influence of clay minerals, especially illite and smectite, on exchangeable and nonexchangeable soil K. While the structural and total K contents most affected by smectite and illitic clay minerals. Future studies are required about the mineralogy of soil sand and silt fractions and their influence on soil K status.

https://asr.urmia.ac.ir/article_120720_010ec408e39cf759c7ad176a8a4dddee.pdf