نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده

مربی پژوهش بخش تحقیقات خاک و آب مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان قزوین، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، قزوین، ایران.

چکیده

توزیع فراوانی اجزای مختلف فسفر در خاک‌‌های آهکی به ارزیابی هر چه‌بهتر وضعیت فسفر خاک کمک می­کند. کودهای آلی با اضافه نمودن مواد آلی و فسفر سبب افزایش پویایی فسفر خاک می‌گردند. این پژوهش به منظور تاثیر منابع کودی بر شکل های شیمیایی فسفر و با کاربرد 50 میلی‌گرم فسفر بر کیلوگرم خاک از منابع کودهای گوسفندی، کمپوست زباله شهری و سوپر فسفات تریپل به همراه تیمار شاهد (بدون مصرف کود) در پایه بلوک­های کاملاً تصادفی در سه تکرار در یک خاک آهکی و در شرایط گلخانه انجام شد. در زمان انتهای رشد فیزیولوژیکی گیاه، ویژگی­های وزن خشک شاخسار، غلظت فسفر در برگ گندم، شکل­های آلی و معدنی فسفر خاک اندازه­گیری شدند. با کاربرد 50 میلی‌گرم فسفر بر کیلوگرم خاک از منبع کود گوسفندی، بیشترین میزان جذب فسفر توسط شاخسار گیاهی از تیمار سوپر فسفات تریپل حاصل شد. کلیه شکل‌های آلی فسفر به جز فسفر آلی با پایداری بالا با کاربرد تیمارهای کودی افزایش معنی‌داری (P<0.05) نسبت به شاهد داشتند. بیشترین سهم نسبی فسفر آلی، مربوط به فسفر آلی با پایداری متوسط و کمترین آن مربوط به فسفر آلی ناپایدار بود. بیشترین سهم نسبی شکل‌های معدنی فسفر مربوط به آپاتیت بود. با کاربرد 50 میلی گرم فسفر بر کیلوگرم خاک از منابع کود گوسفندی و سوپرفسفات تریپل، شکل معدنی کلسیم دی فسفات به ترتیب 2/4 و 9/3 برابر نسبت به شاهد افزایش یافت. شکل آلومینیوم فسفات با اعمال تیمارهای کودی گوسفندی، کمپوست زباله شهری و سوپر فسفات تریپل به ترتیب 0/31، 0/44 و 0/46 درصد نسبت به شاهد افزایش یافت. با استناد به داده­های پژوهش، با کاربرد 50 میلی گرم فسفر بر کیلوگرم خاک از منبع کود گوسفندی شکل های آلی فسفر و کاربرد 50 میلی گرم فسفر بر کیلوگرم خاک از منبع سوپرفسفات تریپل جذب فسفر و شکل­های معدنی آن در شرایط کشت گندم افزایش یافت.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of fertilizer sources on chemical and organic forms of phosphorus under wheat cultivation in a calcareous soil

نویسنده [English]

  • jafar shahabifar

Research coach of Soil and Water Research Section, Qazvin Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Qazvin, Iran.

چکیده [English]

The distribution of phosphorus (P) forms is very important to evaluate the soil P in calcareous soils. Organic fertilizers increase the soil P dynamics by adding organic matter. This experiment was conducted by using 50 mg P kg-1 soil from sheep manure (SM), municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) and triple superphosphate (TSP) treatments with control (without fertilizer) in a calcareous soil in greenhouse conditions. At the end of the plant's physiological growth, dry weight of shoots, phosphorus concentrations of wheat, organic and inorganic forms of soil P were measured. The results showed that by using of 50 mg P kg-1 soilfrom SM, the highest P uptake by wheat was obtained from TSP treatment. All organic P forms significantly increased (P<0.05) in comparison with the control, but Highly Resistant Organic Phosphorus (HROP) showed invers trend. Moderately Resistant Organic Phosphorus (MROP) had the highest of organic P fraction and the Labile Organic Phosphorus (LOP) was the least. The highest fraction of mineral phosphorus was the apatite form. By applying of 50 mg P kg-1 soil from SM and TSP, Ca2P form increased by 4.2 and 3.9 times compared to control respectively. The AlP form increased by applying SM. MSWC and TSP treatments at 31.0, 44.0 and 46% compared to control, respectively. According to the research data, with the application of 50 mg P kg-1 soil from the source SM, increased organic phosphorus forms and by 50 mg P kg-1 soil from the source TSP, increased phosphorus absorption and its mineral forms in wheat cultivation.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Calcium phosphate
  • Compost
  • Labile phosphorus
  • Sheep manure
  • Triple super phosphate
Akhtar M., McCallister D.L., and Eskridge K.M. 2002. Availability and fractionation of phosphorus in sewage sludge amended soils. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 33: 2057-2068.
Borggard O.K., Jorgensen S.S., Meberg J. P., and Raben Lang B. 1990. Influence of organic matter on phosphate adsorption by aluminum and iron oxides in sandy soils. Journal of Soil Science, 41: 443-449.
Bowman R.A., and Cole C.V. 1978. An exploratory method for fractionation of organic phosphorus from grassland soils. Journal of Soil Science, 125: 95-101.
Cheng YL, Cheng XL, Zou DY. 2009. Long-term Located Fertilizer Experiments after 15-years in Brown Soil Forms and Availability of Phosphate Nutrient. Chinese Journal of Soil Science,40 (6): 1362-1366.
Clup P.L., and Clup G.L. 1978. Advance Wastewater Treatment. 2nd ed., Van – Nostr and Rienhold Pub., New York.
Delgado A., Madrid A., Kassem S., Andreu L., and Campillo M. C. 2002. Phosphorus fertilizer recovery from calcareous soils amended with humic and fluvic acids. Plant and Soil, 245: 277-286.
Foth H.D., and Ellis B.G. 1997. Soil Fertility. (2nd Ed.). CRC P Press LLC, Boca Raton, 290 p.
Gomes-Costa M., Gama-Rodrigues A., Moraes J., Gama –Rodrigues E., and da-silva Aleixo M.S. .2016. Labile and non-labile fractions of phosphorus and its transformations in soil under eucalyptus plantations, Brazil. Forests, 6: 1-15.
Heydari N., Reyhanitabar A., Najafi N., and Ostan Sh. 2013. Relationships between inorganic and organic phosphorus fractions with corn growth and phosphorus uptake in some soils of East Azerbaijan Province. Journal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production, 3: 2. 237-250. (In Persian)
Inskeep W.P., and Silvertooth J.C. 1998. Inhibition of hydroxy apatite precipitation in the presence of fulvic, humic, and tannic acids. Soil Science Society America Journal, 52: 941-946.
Ivanoff D.B., Reddy K.R., and Robinson S. 1998. Chemical fractionation of organic phosphorus in selected histosols. Soil Science, 163: 36-45.
Jalali M., and Kolahchi Z. 2005. Availability of soil phosphorus resulting from different amounts of phosphorus fertilizer in soils of Hamedan province. Soil and Water Science, 19(1): 53-60. (In Persian)
Jiang B., and Gu Y. 1989. A suggested fractionation scheme for inorganic phosphorus in calcareous soil. Fertilizer Research, 20: 150-165.
Khademi Z., Balali M.R., Asadi F., Shahbazi K., Rezaei H., Feizolahzadeh M., Bazargan K., and Tehrani M.M. 2010. Improvement of macronutrient fertilizer use efficiencies and S and Mg role in increasing the yield and quality of wheat. Final report. Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO). Soil and Water Institute. Tehran Iran.
Kuo S. 1996. Phosphorus. In: Sparks D.L. (Ed.) Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 3. Chemical Methods,. pp. 551-574. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI.
Larsen S. 1976. Soil phosphorus. Advances in Agronomy,19:151-210.
Liang L.Z., Zhao X.Q., Yi X.Y., Chen Z.C., Dong X.Y., Chen R.F., and Shen R.F. 2013. Excessive application of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers induces soil acidification and phosphorus enrichment during vegetable production in Yangtze River Delta, China. Soil Use and Management, 29: 161- 168.
  Lopez-Pineiro A., Cabrera D., and Pena D. 2009. Phosphorus adsorption and fractionation in a two-phase olive mill waste amended soil. Soil Science Society of America,73: 1539-1544.
Maguire R.O., Sims J.T., and Coale F.J. 2000. Phosphorus fractionation in biosolids–amended soils: Relationship to soluble and desorb able phosphorus. Soil Science Society of AmericaJournal, 64: 2018-2024.
Malakooti M.J. and Keshavarz P. 2005. Look at the Fertility Status of Iranian Soils (Evaluation and Utilizeation). Ministry of Jihade- Agriculture, 514p. (In Persian)
Moeini M., Hejazi Mehrizi M., and Jafari A. 2016. Determination of organic P fractions in a calcareous soil as affected by wheat cultivation and organic amendments. Journal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production, 5(4): 79-95. (In Persian)
 Murphy J., and Riley J.P. 1962. A modified single solution method for the determination of phosphate in natural waters. Analytica Chimica Acta, 27: 31-143.
Nazari M.A., Shariatmadari H., Afyuni M., Mobli M., and Rahili, Sh. 2006. Effect of industrial sewage-sludge and effluents application on concentration of some elements and dry matter yield of wheat, barley and corn. Journal of Water and Soil, 10: 3. 97-111. (In Persian)
Nwoke O.C., Vanlauwe B., Diels J., Sanginga N., and Osonubi O. 2004. Impact of residue characteristics on phosphorus availability in West African savanna soils. Biology and Fertility of Soil, 39: 422-428.
Penn C, J., and Sims J.T. 2002. Phosphorus forms in biosolids – amended soils and losses in runoff, Effects of wastewater treatment process. Journal of Environmental Quality,31: 1349-1362.
Reddy D.D., Rao A.S., and Rupa T.R. 2005. Effects of continuous use of cattle manure and fertilizer phosphorus on crop yields and soil organic phosphorus in a Vertisol. Bioresource Technology, 75: 113-118.
Rhoads J.W. 1986. Cation exchange capacity, P 149-158. In: C.A. Black (Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 3. Chemical Methods. ASA: Madison, WI.
Salardini A.K. 2008. Soil Fertility. (8nd Ed.). Tehran University, 434p.
Saleque M.A., Naher U.A., Islam A., Pathan A.B.M.B.U., Hossain, A.T.M.S., and Meisner, C.A. 2004. Inorganic and organic phosphorus fertilizer effects on the phosphorus fractionation in wetland rice soil. Soil Science Society of America, 68: 1635-1644.
Samavati M. and Hosseinpoor A.R. 2009. Phosphorus fractions in some soils of Hamadan province and their relation to available phosphorus soil. Soil and Water Science, 20 (2), 234 - 248. (In Persian)
Sample E.C., Soper R.J., and Racz G.J. 1980. Reactions of phosphate fertilizer in soils. pp. 263-310. In: Khasawneh F.E. et al. (Ed.) the Role of phosphorus in Agriculture. American Society of Agronomy., Madison, WI.
Scherer H., and Sharma S. 2002. Phosphorus fractions and phosphorus delivery potential of a luvisol derived from loess amended with organic materials. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 53: 414-419.
Shahbazi K., and Davoodi M.H. 2013. Evaluation of wheat phosphorous necessity with phosphorous absorption isotherm in calcareous soils. Journal of Soil and Water Science, 26: 1-17.
Shariatmadari H., Shirvani M., Dehghan, R. 2007. Availability of organic and inorganic phosphorus fractions to wheat in toposequence of calcareous soils. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 38: 2601-2617.
Sharpley A.N. 1985. Phosphorus cycling in unfertilized and fertilized agricultural soils.Soil Science Society of America Journal, 49: 905-911.
Singh C.P., and Amberger A. 2001. Solubilization and availability of phosphorus during decomposition of rock phosphate enriched straw and urine. Biological Agriculture and Horticulture, 7: 261-269.
Singh Y., Dobermann A., Singh B., Bronson K.F., Bronson C.S., and Khind C.S. 2000. Optimal phosphorus management. Strategies for wheat-rice cropping on loamy sand. Soil Science Society America Journal, 64: 1413-1420.
Sui Y.B., and Thompson M.L. 2000. Phosphorus sorption/desorption and buffering capacity in a biosolids amended Mollisol. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 64: 164-169.
Taghizadeh Asl Z., Dordsipour E., Gholizadeh A.L., and Kiani F. 2009. Investigating the relation between plant available phosphorus and some of soil properties in soils of south of Gorgan roud. Proceedings of the 11th Iranian Soil Science Congress, Gorgan, Iran. (In Persian)
Verma S., Subehia S.K., and Sharma S.P. 2005. Phosphorus fractions in an acid soil continuously fertilized with mineral and organic fertilizers. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 41: 295-300.
Vu D.T., Tang C., and Armstrong R.D. 2008. Changes and availability of P fractions following 65 years of P application to a calcareous soil in a Mediterranean climate. Plant and Soil, 304: 21-33.
Walkley A., and Black I.A. 1934. An examination of digestion method for determining soil organic matter and proposed modification of the chromic acid titration. Soil Science, 37: 29-38.
Yang C., Yang L., and Jianhua L. 2006. Organic phosphorus fractions in organically amended soils in continuously and intermittently flooded conditions. Journal of Environmental Quality, 35: 1142-1150.
Yin Y., and Liang C.H. 2013. Transformation of phosphorus fractions in paddy soil amended with pig manure. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 13: 809-818.
Zhang Y.S., Werner W., Scherer H.W., and Sun X. 1994. Effect of organic manure on organic phosphorus fractions in two paddy soils. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 26: 64-68.