Comparison of sediment content in runoff and drainage water under two different slopes and cultivation types

Document Type : Original Article

Author

Abstract

Land cover type and slope are two dominant parameters in soil and water erosion intensity. Although many studies have been conducted to explore the effects of slope or vegetation cover on soil erosion, but the there wasn’t any report regarding comparison of their effects in sediment generation in run off or derange. The objective of this study was to comparison of sediment in surface runoff and drainage water under influence of cultivation type (Alfalfa and Wheat) and slope (5% and 20%) in a sandy loam soil. The laboratory experiments were conducted using a soil box with dimensions of 100 cm long, 30 cm wide, and 25 cm deep, with one soil drainage outlet and one surface flow outlet, packed with soil in Agricultural Faculty of Bu-Ali Sina University. The result showed that intensive vegetation cover (alfalfa than wheat) can considerably reduce the loss of soil erosion. As under alfalfa cultivation less sediment was observed than wheat cultivation in both runoff and drainage. The current results showed that sediment generation in runoff and drainage vary with slope; as under both alfalfa and wheat cultivations larger sediment was observed in 20% slope in runoff, whereas in drainage the higher amount was observed in 5% slope. The observation of slighter sediment after 60 minute of rainfall in runoff could attribute to the generation of a surface crust that encouraged runoff and reduced soil erosion. Although there were no significantly effects of land cover and slope on mean weight diameter, it was larger under alfalfa as a result of erosion-reducing effectiveness of plant covers.

Keywords

References

References
Bachmair S., Weiler M., and Nutzmann G. 2009. Controls of land use and soil structure water movement: lessons for pollutant transfer through the unsaturated zone. Journal of Hydrology, 369: 241-252.
Bakhshi Tiregani M., Moradi H.R., and Sadeghi S.H.R. 2011. Comparison of runoff generation and sediment yield in two land uses of range and dry farming. Iranian Journal of Range and Desert Research, 18 (2): 269-279. (In Persian)
Barley R., Roth C.H., Ludwig J., Mcjannet D., Liedloff A., Corfield J., and Abbott B. 2006. Run off and erosion from Australians tropical semi- arid rangelands influence of ground cover for differing space and time scales. Hydrological Processes, 20: 3317-3333.
Battany M.C., and Grismer M.E. 2000. Rainfall run off and erosion in Napa Valley vineyards: effects of slope, cover and surface roughness. Hydrological Processes, 14: 1289-1304.
Bodner G., leitner D., and Kaul H.P. 2014. Coarse and fine rooted plant species have distinct effect on soil pore size distribution. Plant and Soil, 380: 133-151.
Cey E.E., and Rudolph D.L. 2009. Field study of macropore flow processes using tension infiltration of a dye tracer in partially saturated soils. Hydrological Processes, 23: 1768-1779.
Chang Q. Ma W., and Cai Q. 2008. The relative importance of soil crust and slope angle in run off and soil loss: a case study in the hilly areas of the loess plateau, North China. Geoderma, 71(2-3): 117-125.
Chaplot V., and Le Bissonnais Y. 2000. Field measurements of interrill erosion under different slopes and plot sizes. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 25: 145-153.
Emadi M., Emadi M., Baghernejad M., Fathi H., and Saffari M. 2008. Effect of land use change on selected soil physical and chemical properties in North highlands of Iran. Journal of Applied Sciences, 8 (3): 496-502.
Fang H., Sun L., and Tang Z. 2015. Effects of rainfall and slope on runoff, soil erosion and rill development: an experimental study using two loess soils. Hydrological Processes, 29 (11): 2649-2658.
Gee G.W., and Bauder J.W. 1986. Particles size analysis. In: Klute A. (Ed.) Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 1. Physical and Mineralogical Methods. SSSA/ASA. Agronomy Monograph 9. 2nd Ed, pp. 383-411.
Gharabaghi B., Safadoust A., Mahboubi A.A., Mosaddeghi M.R., Unc A., Ahrens B., and Sayyad Gh. 2015. Temperature effect on the transport of bromide and E. coli NAR in saturated soils. Journal of Hydrology, 522: (2015) 418-427.
Hang J., Wu P., and Zhao X. 2013. Effect of rain fall intensity, underlying surface and slope gradient on soil infiltration under simulated rain fall experiment. CATENA, 104: 93-102.
Jordan A., and Martinez-Zavala L. 2008. Soil loss and runoff rates on unpaved forest roads in southern Spain after simulated rainfall. Forest Ecology and Management, 255: 913-919.
Kateb H.E., Zhang H., Zhang P., and Mosandl R.M. 2013. Soil erosion and surface runoff on different vegetation covers and slope gradients: A field experiment in Southern Shaanxi Province, China. CATENA, 105: 1-10.
Kato B.G., Girffin D.W., and Davis J.H. 2009. Groundwater quality impacts from the land application of treated municipal waste water in a large karstic spring basin: chemical and micro biological indicators. Science of the Total Environment, 407: 2872-2886.
Khazaei A., Mosaddeghi M.R., and Mahboubi A.A. 2008. Test conditions, and soil organic matter, clay and calcium carbonate contents’ impacts on mean weight diameter and tensile strength of aggregates from some Hamadan soils. Journal of Agricultural and Natural Resource Sciences and Technology, 44: 123-135. (In Persian)
Klute A. 1986. Methods of Soil Analysis: Part I. Physical and Mineralogical Methods Agronomy Monograph, 2nd ed., vol. 9. ASA, WI, USA.
Kinnell P.I.A. 2005. Raindrop-impact-induced erosion processes and prediction: a review. Hydrological Processes, 19: 2815- 2844.
Kodesova R., Nemeceka K., Kodesab V., and Zigava A. 2011. Using dye tracer for visualization of preferential flow at macro- and micro scales. Vadose Zone, 11 (1).
Levy G.J., Goldstein G., and Mamedov A.I. 2005. Saturated hydraulic conductivity of semiarid soil: combined effects of salinity, sodicity, and rate of wetting. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 69: 653-662.
Liu H., Lei T.W., Zhao I., Yuan C.P., Fan Y.T., and Qu L.Q. 2011. Effects of rainfall intensity and initial soil water content on soil infiltrability under rain fall conditions using the run off-on-out method. Journal of Hydrology, 396 (1-2): 24-32.
Lopez-Moreno J.T., Begueria S., and Garcia-Ruiz J.M. 2006. Trends in high flows in the central Spanish Pyrenees; response to climatic factors or to land-use change. Hydrological Science Journal, 51: 1039-1050.
Mohammad A.G., and Adam M.A. 2010. The impact of vegetative cover type on runoff and soil erosion under different land uses. CATENA, 81 (2): 97-103.
Morgan R.P.C. 1995. Soil Erosion and Conservation, Longman, London.
Neary D.G., Ice G.G., and Jackson C.R. 2009. Link ages between forest soils and water quality and quantity. Forest Ecology and Management, 258: 2269-2281.
Nikkami D., Arabkhedri M., and Razmjoo P. 2004. Sampling Accuracy in erosion plot tanks. Proceedings of The Fourth International Iran & Russia Conference,Shahrekord, Iran,pp. 1245-1250.
Nunes A.N., de Almeida A.C., and Coelho C.O.A. 2011. Impacts of land use and cover type on runoff and soil erosion in a marginal area of Portugal. Applied Geography, 31(2): 687-699.
Page A.L., Miller R.H., Keeney D.R. (Eds.), 1992. In: Klute et al, (Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2. Chemical and Microbiological Methods,SSSA, Monograph, vol. 9, pp. 325-340.
Pires L.F., Reichardt K., Cooper M., Cassaro F.A.M., Dias N.P., Osny O.S., and Bacchi O.O.S. 2009. Pore system changes of damaged Brazilian oxisols and nitosols induced by wet-dry cycles as seen in 2-D micromorphologic image analysis. Anaisda Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 81(1): 151-161.
Ragab R., Bromley J., Roiser P., Cooper J.D., and Grash J.H.L. 2003. Experimental study of water fluxes in a residential erea: 1. Rain fall, roof run off and evaporation: the effect of slope and aspect. Hydrological Processes, 17: 2409-2422.
Pillai-Mc Garry U.P.P. 1991. Regeneration of soil structure. Australian Cotton grower, 11: 51–52.
Rhoades J.D. 1996. Salinity: electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids.  In: Sparks, D.L., Page, A.L., Helmke, P.A., Loeppert, R.H., Soltanpour, P.N., Tabatabai, M.A., Johnson, C.T., Sumner, M.E. (Eds.), Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2. Chemical Methods. SSSA/ASA, Madison, Wisconsin, USA, pp. 417-436.
Safadoust A., Mosaddeghi M.R., Mahboubi A.A., and Yousefi G. 2012. Effects of weting/drying,freezing/thawing and earth worm activities on soil hydraulic properties. Journal of Water and Soil, 26 (2): 340-348. (In Persian)
Safadoust A., Mahboubi, A.A., Gharabaghi B., Mosaddeghi M.R., Voroney P., Unc A., and Sayyad Gh. 2011. Bacterial filtration rates in repacked and weathered soil columns. Geoderma, 167/168: 204-213.
Schwen A., Hernandez-Ramirez G., Lawrence-Smith E.J., Iinton S.M., Carrick S., Clothier B.E., and Buchang G. 2012. Hydraulic properties and the water conducting porosity as effect by subsurface compaction using tension infiltrometers. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 75(3): 822-831.
Singh M.J., and Khera K.L. 2008. Soil erodibility indices under different land uses in lower shivaliks tropical. Journal of Ecology, 49 (2): 113-119.
Smets T., Poesen J., Fullen M.A., and Booth C.A. 2007. Effectiveness of palm and simulated geotextiles in reducing run-off and inter-rill erosion on medium and steep slopes. Soil Use and Management, 23: 306-316.
Yoder R. 1936. A direct method of aggregate analysis and study of physical nature of erosion losses.  Journal of American Society of Agronomy, 28: 337-351.
Yuan I.P., Lei T.W., Guo S.Y., and Jiang D.S. 2001. Study on spatial variation of infiltration rate for small watershed in loss plateau. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 10: 88-92.
Wu S.F., Wu P.T., Feng H., and Bu C.F. 2010. Influence of amendments on soil structure and soil loss under simulated rainfall china's loess plateau. African Journal of Biotechnology, 9 (37): 6116-6121.
Zehetner F., and Miller W.P. 2006. Erodibility and run off-infiltration characteristics of volcanic ash soils along an altitudinal climosequence in the Ecuadorian Andes. CATENA, 65: 201-213.
Zhao Q., Li D., Zhuo M., Guo T., Liao Y., and Xie Z. 2015. Effects of rainfall intensity and slope gradient on erosion characteristics of the red soil slope. Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment, 29 (2): 609-621.
Zhou P., Luukkanen O., Tokola T., and Nieminen J. 2008. Effect of vegetation cover on soil erosion in a mountainous watershed. CATENA, 75 (3): 319-325.
 
Applied Soil Research
Volume 6, Issue 4 - Serial Number 4
March 2019
Pages 109-120

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 20 September 2016
  • Revise Date: 13 January 2019
  • Accept Date: 02 December 2017

Share

How to cite

Statistics