Increasing irrigation efficiency in rice paddies using Azolla compost under water deficit conditions

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran

2 Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Payame Noor University (PNU), P.O.Box, 19395-3697 Tehran, Iran

Abstract

A pot experiment was conducted to determine the effect of composted Azolla on reducing soil moisture stress in water deficit condition and on growth and yield of rice in Rice Research Institute of Iran (RRII) in 2011. The experiment was in a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) whis 8 irrigation regimes (A1, A2… and A8) as the first factor and use of different values of composted Azolla as second factor in 4 levels (B1= control, without compost, B2 = 2.5 %, B3 = 5% and B4 = 7.5% by weight of soil in pot), which was conducted in three replicates. The results showed significant effect by different irrigation regimes on panicle length, plant height, number of tillers and grain yield and also on nitrogen and phosphorus and potassium uptake in paddy and rice straw, but had no significant effect on the other properties. The effect of composted Azolla had significant effect on panicle length, panicle weight and grain yield, and on salinity, pH, organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of the. The overall results of the project showed that treatment A2B4 (irrigation as soil saturation during the growing season with 2.5 % of Azolla compost) is one of the best treatment. Use of this management, especially in water deficit condition can increase water use efficiency by 19.37 percent and soil fertility too. Use of compost can be a good alternative instate of chemical fertilizers in Long-term rice cultivation, environmental health and sustainable agriculture.

Keywords

References

References
Alam S. M. 2004. "Azolla" a green compost for rice. The DAWN Group of Newspapers, P 2.
Bi, L., Zhang, B., Liu, G., Li, Z., Liu, Y., Ye, C., Yu, X., Lai, T., Zhang, J., Yin, J. and Liang, Y., 2009. Long-term effects of organic amendments on the rice yields for double rice cropping systems in subtropical China. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 129(4), pp.534-541.
Buresh R. J., and De Datta S. K. 1991. Nitrogen dynamics and management in rice-legume cropping systems. Advance Agronomy, 45: 1-59.
Dixit K.G., and Gupta B. R. 2000. Effect of farmyard manure, chemical and biofertilizers on yield and quality of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and soil properties. Journal of Indian Society of Soil Science, 48:773-780.
Edwards, C.A., 1995. Historical overview of vermicomposting. BioCycle: Journal of Composting and Organics Recycling, 36(6): 56-58.
Fallah V. 2005. Rice water requirement and its measurement. Journal of Soil Science and Fertility, No. 433.
Ghorbanpour M. 2003. Impact of different irrigation management practices on some morphological traits of rice in northern Iran fields (M.Sc. Thesis). Tehran, Iran: Tehran University Press. (In Persian)
Giles, J., 2004. Is organic food better for us. Nature, 428(6985), pp.796-797.
Gupta V. K., and Potalia B. S. 1990. Zinc- cadmium interaction in wheat. Journal of Indian Society Soil Science, 48: 452-457.
Hashemi Dezfuli A., Koucheki A., and Banayan Aval M. 1995. Higher Crop Yield. Jahad-e Daneshghahi Press, Mashhad, 236p. (In Persian)
Hellal F. A. 2007. Composting of rice straw and its Influences on Iron Availability in calcareous soil. Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 3: 105-114.
Ibrahim M., Hassan A. U., Iqbal M., and Elahi Valeem E. 2008. Response of wheat growth and yield to various levels of compost and organic manure. Pakestan Journal of Botany, 40 (5): 2135-2141.
Isfahani M. 1998. An Introduction to Rice Physiology and Ecology. Rasht, Iran: Guilan University Press. (In Persian)
Kavitha R., and Subramanian P. 2007. Effect of enriched municipal solid waste compost application on growth, plant nutrient uptake and yield of rice. Journal of Agronomy, 6(4): 586-592.
Kuzyakov Y. 2002. Factors affecting rhizospher priming effects. Journal of Plant Nutration and Soil Science, 165: 382-396.
Lalande R., Gagnon B., Simard R. R., and Cote D. 2000. Soil microbial biomass and enzyme activity following liquid hog manure in a long-term field trial. Conadian Journal of Soil Sciences, 80: 263-269.
Leifeld J., Bassin S., and Fuhrer J. 2005. Carbon stocks in Swiss agricultural soils predicted by land-use, soil characteristics, and altitude. Agricultural Ecosystem and Environment, 105: 255-266.
Liaghat A., and Darbandi S. 2000. Low-irrigation management practice for water use optimization. Journal No. 36. National Iranian Committee of Irrigation and Drainage. (In Persian)
Macilwain, C., 2004. Is organic farming better for the environment? Nature, 428(6985): 797-798.
Mian M. H. 2013. Prospect of Azolla and blue green algae as nitrogenous biofertilizers for rice production in Bangladesh. In: Advances in Crop Science, Proceeding of Biennial Conference of the Crop Science Society of Bangladesh, 34-35.
Nahvi M. 2000. Determination of the best irrigation interval on the basis of the analysis of growth parameters and yield of rice. Karaj, Iran: Islamic Azad University of Karaj. (In Persian)
Oehl F., Sieverding E., Mäder P., Duboi D., Ineichen K., Boller T., and Wiemken A. 2004. Impact of long-term conventional and organic farming on the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Oecologia, 138: 574-583.
Pirmoradian N., Sepaskhah A. R., and Maftoun M. 2004. Effects of water-saving irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on Yield and Yield components of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Plant Production Science, 7: 337-346.
Pulleman M. A., Jongmans J., and Bouma J. 2003. Effects of organic versus conventional arable farming on soil structure and organic matter dynamics in a marine loam in the Netherlands. Soil Use and Management, 19:157-165.
Razavipour T. 2005. A reserach report of a study on the effect of the increase in plant density and different irrigation regimes on the yield of rice CV 'Hashemi'. Rice Research Institute of Iran. (In Persian)
Razavipour T. 2007. Preparation of componst from rice azolla and straw. Rice Research Institute, Iran. (In Persian).
Razavipour T., Yazdani M., and Kavoosi M. 1999. The effect of soil moisture stress at different growth stages of rice on grain yield (cv. Binam). Proceedings of 6th Iranian Confernece of Soil Sciences. Mashahd: Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. (In Persian)
Rehana B., Mian M.H., Tahirruddin M., and Hasan M. A. 2003. Effect of Azolla- Urea application on yield and NPK uptake by BRRI Dhan 29 in Boro season. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 6 (11): 968-971.
Rezaei M. 2003. The possibility of underground irrigation of rice using fresh water irrigation. Final report. Rice Research Institute of Iran. Rasht, Iran. (In Persian)
Rezaei M., Attariyan A.M., Trustee M.K., RazaviPour T., and Shokrivahed H. 2009. Environmental protection through irrigation management and reduction of herbicides in gilan fields. Proceedings of the 10th Soil Science Congress of Iran, Karaj, 4-6th of September.
Rezavipour T. 1995. A research report on the effect of soil moisture loss at different growth stages of rice cv. 'Binam'. Rice Research Institute of Iran. (In Persian)
Rizwan A., Shahzad S.M., Khalid A., Arshad, M., and Mahmood M. H. 2007. Growth and yield response of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) to nitrogen and L – Trytophan enriched compost. Pakestani Journal of Botany, 39 (2): 541-549.
Sachdev P., and Deb D. L.1990. Influence of gypsum and farmyard manure on fertilizer zinc uptake by wheat and its residual effect on succeeding rice and wheat crops in sodic soil. Journal of Agricultural Biology, 19: 173-178.
Salahshour Delivand M. 2005. Response of different rice(Oryza sativa L.) cultivars to different irrigation regimes. M. Sc. Thesis. Agronomy departement. Agriculture faculty. Tarbiat Moddarress University. Tehran, Iran. 99p. (In Persian)
Sarwar G., Hussain N., Schmeisky H., Muhammad S., Ibrahim M., and Safdar E. 2008. Use of compost an environment friendly technology for enhancing rice wheat production in Pakistan. Pakestan Journal of Botany, 40 (1): 1553-1558.
Sarwar G., Schmeisky H., Hussain N., Muhammad S., Tahir M.A., and Saleem U. 2009. Variations in nutrient concentrations of wheat and paddy as affected by different levels of compostand chemical fertilizer in normal soil. Pakestan Journal of Botany, 41 (5): 2403-2410.
Shahzad S. m., Khalid A., Arshad M., Khalid M., Mehboob I. 2008. Integrated use of plant growth promoting bacteria and p-enriched compost for improving growth, yield and nodulation of chickpea. Pakestani Journal of Botany, 40 (4): 1725-1741.
Singh, B., Singh, Y., Khind, C.S., Ladha, J.K. and Gupta, R.K., 2003. Managing pressmud cake for nitrogen and phosphorus nutrition of crops in a rice-wheat rotation. In: Graham R.D. Biofortification: a global challenge program International Rice Research Notes, 28(1), pp.59-61.
Smith B. D. 1998. The Emergence of Agriculture, First ed. W H Freeman & Co., Scientific American Library, New York.
Spanu, A. and Pruneddu, G., 1997. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) yield and increasing nitrogen rates. Agricoltura Mediterranea, 127: 166-172.
Turgut I., Bilgili U., Duman A., and Acikgoz E. 2005. Effect of green manuring on the yield of sweet corn. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 25:1-5.
Venkates Warula B., Parao F. T. 2006. Screening quality grains rich with a seed blower Society for the advancement of breeding. Research in Asia and Ocean in Journal, 18 (1): 19-24.
Yazdani M., Sharafi N., RazaviPour T., and Sharifi M. 2003. Comparison of different irrigation managements in Gilan rice. Proceedings of the 11th National Irrigation and Drainage Committee of Iran, 674 p. (In Persian)
Ying J., Peng S., He Q., Yang H., Yang C., Visperas R.U., and Cassman K. G. 2013. Comparision of high- yield rice in a tropical and Sub-tropical environment: I. Determinants of grain and dry matter yields. Field Crops Research, 57: 71-84.
Yoshida S. 2009. Fundamentals of Rice Crop Science. The International Rice Research Institute, Manila, Philippines, 269p.
Applied Soil Research
Volume 6, Issue 4 - Serial Number 4
March 2019
Pages 146-160

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 06 January 2017
  • Revise Date: 09 February 2018
  • Accept Date: 11 December 2017

Share

How to cite

Statistics