Ecological Risk of Heavy Metals Pollution and its Relationship with Soil Physicochemical Properties in the Urmia Plain Gardens

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Urmia University

2 Faculty member of Urmia University

3 Department of Soil Science, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran

4 , Department of Soil Science, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran,tel

5 , Department of Environmental Sciences, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran

10.30466/asr.2024.121531

Abstract

The contamination of agricultural lands, especially orchard soils with heavy metals, caused by long-term agricultural practices (overuse of fertilizers and pesticides), has become a high-priority topic for soil, food, and human health. This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the pollution and ecological risk of heavy metals in different types of soil in the apple orchards of Urmia Plain. The studied soils were classified in the Incepitsols order and the subgroups: Typic Haploxerepts (TH), Typic Endoaquepts (TE), Typic Calcixerepts (TC), Fluventic Haploxerepts (FH) and Aquic Calcixerepts (AC). The Nemerow Pollution Index (PIN) and Ecological Risk (ER) were calculated. Most heavy metals had the highest concentration in the Ap horizon. The results showed that the concentration of all studied heavy metals are lower than the permissible limit of pollution. The highest average concentration of the Zn and Cu were in the TH soil (73.1 and 21.87 mg kg-1, respectively). The difference of the concentration of Pb was significant only in the FH and there was no significant difference in other soil types. The highest average concentration of the Ni and Cd was observed in the TH soil (30.86 and 1.19 mg kg-1, respectively) and the lowest in the TE soil (25.96 and 0.8 mg kg-1, respectively). The PIN order of the studied heavy metals was as Cd>Zn>Pb>Cu>Ni, showed that the risk of Cd for the soil contamination was higher than other metals. Multivariate analysis showed that the main sources of Mn and Cu are from natural processes, while Cd, Pb and Ni were derived from the both natural and anthropogenic factors.

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References

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Applied Soil Research
Volume 12, Issue 2 - Serial Number 2
September 2024
Pages 96-110

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History

  • Receive Date: 13 April 2023
  • Revise Date: 15 September 2023
  • Accept Date: 17 September 2023

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