نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری فیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعی،دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران

2 استاد، فیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعی، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران.

3 استاد،گروه علوم خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی استاک بریج، دانشگاه ماساچوست ، ماساچوست، آمریکا

4 بیولوژی و بیوتکنولوژی خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران

5 دانشجوی دکتری اکولوژی گیاهان زراعی، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران

چکیده

استفاده مداوم از سیستم­های تک­کشتی و خاک­ورزی بیش از حد، خاک­های کشاورزی را در بسیاری از مناطق ایران تخریب کرده است. تأثیر کوتاه­مدت گیاهان پوششی روی ویژگی­های منتخب خاک در یک مطالعه مزرعه­ای در سال 1397 مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. آزمایش به صورت بلوک­های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار انجام شد. چهار تیمار آزمایشی شامل، تک­کشتی یولاف، تک­کشتی خلر، کشت مخلوط آن­ها و کنترل بدون گیاه پوششی بود. بالاترین و کمترین زیست­توده اندام هوایی 13/198 و 06/124 گرم در مترمربع بود و به­ترتیب از کشت مخلوط و تک­کشتی خلر به­دست آمد. زیست­توده بالا منجر به سرکوب علف­های هرز در مقایسه با کنترل شد. وزن خشک علف­های هرز به­ترتیب به­میزان 04/33 و 12/41 درصد در تک­کشتی یولاف و کشت مخلوط کاهش یافت. بالاترین میزان کربن آلی خاک (21/1 درصد) و بیشترین جمعیت میکروبی (105×5/6 تعداد در گرم) از تیمار آزمایشی کشت مخلوط به­دست آمد. کشت مخلوط، تک­کشتی یولاف و تک­کشتی خلر به­ترتیب 53/51، 72/50 و 11/49 درصد فشردگی خاک را کاهش دادند. با این حال، جرم مخصوص ظاهری خاک، تخلخل خاک و میزان نفوذ آب تحت تأثیر گیاهان پوششی قرار نگرفت. نتایج به دست آمده در این مطالعه نشان داد که تغییرات کوتاه مدت در برخی از ویژگی­های خاک مرتبط با زیست­توده و گونه­های گیاهان پوششی است. به طور کلی، ترکیبی از گیاهان پوششی بر تغییر ویژگی­های خاک تأثیر بیشتری داشت.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluation of Short-Term Effect of Oat (Avena sativa L.) and Chickling Pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) Cover Crops on Improving some Soil Properties

نویسندگان [English]

  • Fatemeh Ahmadnia 1
  • Ali Ebadi 2
  • Masoud Hashemi 3
  • Akbar Ghavidel 4
  • Soghra ghahremani 5

1 Ph.D student plant physiology. Department of Agronomy and plant breeding, Faculty of Agriculture and natural resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabili, Iran

2 Professor, Plant physiology, Department of Agronomy and plant breeding, Faculty of Agriculture and natural resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabili, Iran

3 Professor, Stockbridge School of Agriculture, Soil Sciences. University of Massachusetts Amherst, Massachusetts, USA

4 Department of Soil Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabili, Iran

5 Ph.D student plant ecology, Department of Agronomy and plant breeding, Faculty of Agriculture and natural resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabili, Iran

چکیده [English]

Continuous use of monoculture systems and excessive tillage has degraded agricultural soils in many regions of Iran. The short-term impact of cover crops on selected soil properties was investigated in a field study in 2018. The experiment was laid out as complete randomized block with three replications. The four experimental treatments included, monoculture of oat and monoculture chickling pea, their mixture, and no cover crop as control. Highest and lowest aerial biomass were 198.1 gm-2 and 124.1 g m-2 and obtained from mixed cover crop and sole chickling pea, respectively. The higher biomass resulted in significant weed suppression, compared with control. Weed dry weight reduced by 33.04% and 41.12% in oat monoculture and mixed cover crops, respectively. The highest soil organic carbon (1.21%) and highest microbial population (6.5 × 105 per gram of soil) were obtained from mixed cover crop experimental plots. Cover crop mixture, and monoculture of oat and monoculture chickling pea reduced soil compaction by 51.5%, 50.7%, and 49.1%, respectively. However, soil bulk density, soil porosity, and rate of water infiltration were not affected by cover crop treatments. Results obtained in this study indicated that short-term changes in some soil properties are related to both, biomass and cover crop species. Overall, a mixed of cover crops was more influential on changing soil properties.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Biomass
  • Carbon sequestration
  • Microbial population
  • Soil compaction
  • Soil health
Ahmadnia f., Ebadi A., Hashemi M., and Ghavidel A. 2019. Investigating the short time effect of cover crops on biophysical properties of soil. Journal of Water and Soil Conservation, 26(6): 277-290. (In Persian)
Ahmadvand G., and hajinia S. 2015. The effect of cover crop and different tillage systems on soil physical properties and yield of potato. Journal of Crop Production, 8(4): 163-182. (In Persian)
Alear L., and Bradford J. 2005. Oxygen effects on carbon, polyphenols, and nitrogen mineralization potential in soil. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 51(1):13-33.
Alexander M. 1977. Introduction to Soil Microbiology (2nd Ed). John Wiley and Sons Inc, New York, 467p.
Almeida W.S., Panachuki E., Oliveira P.T.S., Menezes R.S., Sobrinho T.A., and Carvalho D.F. 2017. Effect of soil tillage and vegetal cover on soil water infiltration. Soil and Tillage Research, 175: 130-138.
Ardakani M.R., Razavi M., and Zafarian F. 2007. Experimental Methods in plant Ecology (Translate). University of Tehran Press (UTP),180p.
Asghari Sh., and Najafian M. 2015. Interactive effects of organic matters and earthworm on some physical and chemical properties of Two soils under different compaction conditions. Applied Soil Research, 3(1): 89-102. (In Persian)
Badakhshan C., Amiry Nejad M., Tohidi Nejad A.A. and Parsa Motlagh B. 2018.  Evaluation of the replacement of intercropping of Phaseolus acutifolus and two millet cultivars (Panicum miliaceum) on some characteristics of quantitative and qualitative forage yield. Crop production publication,11(2):151-167. (In Persian)
Ball A.S. 2014. Cell Bacterial Culturing. (Ghavidel, A. and Najirad, S). Published at Ardebil Jihad,118p.
Carlesso R., Spohr R.B., Eltz F.L.F., Flores C.H. 2011. Runoff estimation in southern Brazil based on Smith’s modified model and the Curve Number method. Agricultural Water Management, 98: 1020–1026.
Chaichi M.R., Farhoodi R., Majnoun Hosseini N., Savachebi GH. 2008. Effect of wheat residue management on soil properties and on sunflower yield in double cropping system. Iranin Journal of Field Crop Science, 39(1): 11-20. (In Persian)
Dane J.H., and Topp G.C. 2002. Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 4, Physical Method. Soil Science Society of America Journal., Inc. Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
Derpsch R., Franzluebbers A.J., Duiker S.W., Reicosky D.C., Koeller K., Friedrich T., Sturny W.G., Sá J.C.M., and Weiss K., 2014. Why do we need to standardize no-tillage research? Soil Tillage Research, 137:16–22.
Dinakaran J., and Rao K.S. 2018. Soil organic matter pools: a conundrum. The Botanica, 68: 86-898.
Doran J.W., Sarrantonio M., and Liebig M. 1996. Soil health and sustainability. In Advances in Agronomy, ed. D.L. Sparks, 1-54. San Diego: Academic Press.
Esfandiary Ekhlas E., Nael M., and Hamzei J. 2018. The effect of integrated management of conservation tillage and Lathyrus sativus cover cropping on cucurbita pepo yield and selected soil quality indicators. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 16(2): 421-434. (In Persian)
Finney D.M., Buyer J.S., and Kaye J.P. 2017. Living cover crops have immediate impacts on soil microbial community structure and function. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2(4): 361-373. doi:10.2489/jswc.72.4.361.
Ghanbari A., Ghadiri H., Ghafari-Moghadam M., and Safari M. 2010. Study of maize (Zea mays L.) and pumpkin (Cucurbita sp.) intercropping and its effect on weed control. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences, 41(1):43-55. (In Persian)
Gupta PK. 2004. Soil, Plant, Water and fertilizer analysis. Agro bios, India. 438p.
Gupta S.C., Schneider E.C., Larson W.E., and Hadas A.1987. Influence of corn residue on compression and compaction behavior of soils. Soil Science of Society America Journal, 51: 207-212.
Haghdoost Ghahremanloo N., Rezaverdinejad V., and Montaseri M. 2020. Experimental study of sunflower organic mulch effect on soil hydraulic and mechanical properties under different compaction energy. Applied Soil Research, 8(3): 27-39.
Haghian I., and Salari A. 2018. Investigation of environmental factors controlling soil organic carbon in rangelands of arid regions (Case study: Yansi region of Gonabad). Journal of Water and Soil Conservation, 2(3): 281-289. (In Persian)
Hesami E., Jahan M., Nassiri-Mahallati M., and Farhoudi R. 2018. Effects of plant residues in two types of soil texture on soil characteristics and corn (Zea mays L.) NS640 yield in a reduced -Tillage cropping system. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 16:(1). 67-81. (In Persian)
Juan L., Bing-qing Z., Xiu- ying L., Rui-bo J., and Hwat Big S. 2008. Effect of long- term combined application of organic and mineral fertilizers on microbial biomass, soil enzyme activities and soil fertility. Agricultural sciences in china, 7(3): 336- 343.
Karimi M., Rostami A., and Heydari M. 2019. Carbon sequestration and its relation with some physical and chemical characteristics in soil of natural oak forest and afforestation’s in Ilam County. Journal of Science and Technology, 21(10): 184-197. (In Persian)
Khodabandeh N. 2014. Cereals. Published by  Institute of printing and publishing, University of Tehran, 538p. (In Persian)
Khodashenas A., Koocheki A., Rezvani Moghadam P., Lakzian A., and Nassiri Mahallati M. 2010.  Evaluation of agricultural practices effect on soil bacterial diversity and abundance. JWSS- Journal of Water and Soil Scienc, 14(52): 99-114. (In Persian)
Klute A.1986. Water retention: Laboratory Methods. Methods of Soil Analysis: Part1- Physical and Mineralogical Methods (methods of soil anl.), Madison, Wis: American Society of Agronomy: Soil Science Society of America, pp. 635–662.
Lamei Hervani J. 2013. Assessment of dry forage and crude protein yields. competition and advantage indices in mixed cropping of annual forage legume crops with barley in rainfed conditions of Zanjan province in Iran. Seed and Plant Production Journal, 29: 169-183. (In Persian)

Lamei Hervani J., and Alizadeh Dizaj Kh. 2014. Grass pea (Latyrus sativus) and common vetch (Vicia sativa) as suitable green manure after wheat in the cold regions of Iran. Applied Field Crops Research, 27(104):106-112.

Lehman R.M., Cambardella C.A., Stott D.E., AcostaMartinez V., Manter D.K., Buyer J.S., Maul J.E., Smith J.L., Collins H.P., Halvorson J.J., Kremer R.J., Lundgren J.G., Ducey T.F., Jin V.L., and Karlen D.L. 2015. Understanding and enhancing soil biological health: The solution for reversing soil degradation. Sustainability Journal, 7(1): 988-1027.
Lemessa F., and Wakjira M. 2015. Cover crops as a means of ecological weed management in agroecosystems. Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology,18(2):123-135.
Linars R., de-la Fuente M., Junquera P., Lissarrague J.R., and Baeza P. 2014. Effects of soil management in vineyard on soil physical and chemical characteristics. BIO web of conferences, 37th world congress of vine and wine and 12th general assembly of the OIV. 3: 01008. November 2014.
Lowery B., and Morrison J.E. 2002. 2.8 Soil Penetrometers and Penetrability. Methods of Soil Analysis: Part 4 Physical Methods (Methods of Soil Analysis 4), pp. 363–388.
Moebius-Clune B.N., Moebius-Clune D.J., Gugino B.K., Idowu O.J., Schindelbeck R.R., Ristow A.J., Van-Es H., MThies J.E., Shayler H.A., McBride M.B., Kurtz K.S.M., Wolfe D.W., and Abawi G.S. 2016. Comprehensive assessment of soil health – The cornell framework, Edition 3.2, cornell university, Geneva, NY. 
Murungo F., Chiduza C., Muchaonyerwa P. 2011. Mulch effects on soil moisture productivity in warm-temperate climate of South Africa. Soil Tillage and Research, 112, 58–65. doi:10.1016/j. still.2010.11.005
Noel D., and Bloodworth H. 2000. Global climate change and the effect of conservation practices in US agriculture. Global of Environmental Change,10(6): 197-209.
Olsen SR., and Sommers LE. 1982. Phosphorus. In: Page AL. (Ed), Methods of Soil Analysis, Agronomy. No. 9, Part 2: Chemical and Microbiological Properties (2nd Ed). American Society Agronomy, Madison, pp. 403- 430.
Page AL., Miller RH., and Keeney DR. 1982. Method of Soil Analysis (part 2: Chemical and Microbiological Properties). American society of Agronomy, Madison, 1121p.
Parmodh S., Atinderpal S., Charanjit S.K., Amandeep S.B., Kulbhushan K.G., Mahendra D., Robert L.S. 2018. The role of cover crops towards sustainable soil health and agriculture-A Review paper. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 9: 1935-1951.
Pfeiffer A., Silva E., Colquhoun J. 2016. Living mulch cover crops for weed control in small-scale applications. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 31: 309–317.
Shamsaddin Saiedi M., Ghanbari A., Ramroudi M., and Khezri A., 2017. Effects of green manure management and fertilization treatments on the chemical and physical properties and fertility of soil journal. Journal of Water and Soil Science, 21(1): 37-49. (In Persian)
Sing B., and Ryan J. 2015. Managing fertilizers to enhance soil health. International Fertilizer Industry Association. IFA, Paris, France. publications@fertilizer.org. downloaded from IFA’s website www.fertilizer.org/Library
Singh A., and Kaur J. 2012. Impact of conservation tillage on soil properties in rice wheat cropping system. Agricultural Science Research Journal, 2(1): 30-41.
Sintim H.Y., Bandopadhyay S., English M.E., Bary A.I., DeBruyn J.M., Schaeffer C.A., Reganold J.P., and Flury M. 2018. Impacts of biodegradable plastic mulches on soil health. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Enviroment, 273: 36-49.
Soti P.G., Rugg S., and Racelis A. 2016. Potential of cover crops in promoting mycorrhizal diversity and soil quality in organic farms. Journal of Agricultural Science, 8(8):42-47.
Sturm D.J., Peteinatos G., and Gerhards R. 2018. Contribution of allopathic effects to the overall weed suppression by different cover crops. Weed Research, 58(5): 331-337.
Teasdale J.R., and Mohler C.L. 1993. Light transmittance, soil temperature, and soil moisture under residue of hairy vetch and rye. Agronomy Journal, 85(3):673-680.
Virto I., Imaz M.J., Fernández-Ugalde O., Urrutia I., Enrique A., Bescansa P. 2012. Soil quality evaluation following the implementation of permanent cover crops in semi-arid vineyards. Organic matter, physical and biological soil properties. Spanish Journal Agriculture Research, 10(4): 1121-1132.
Walkley A., and Black I.A. 1934. Estimation of soil organic carbon by the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science, 37: 29-38.
Wang W.J., Dalal R.C., Moody P.W., and Smith C.J. 2003. Relationships of soil respiration to microbial biomass, substrate availability and clay content. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 35: 273 -284.
Yuste C.J., Baldocchi D.D., Gershenson A., Goldestein A., Mission L., and Wong S. 2007. Microbial soil respiration and its dependency on carbon inputs, soil temperature and moisture. Global Change Biology, 13: 1–18.