نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

دانشگاه ارومیه

چکیده

به­منظور بررسی اثر توپوگرافی بر ویژگی­های ریخت­شناسی، فیزیکی، ­شیمیایی وکانی­شناسی خاک­ها، یک ردیف توپوگرافی متشکل از سه تیپ ­اراضی ­­(تپه، فلات و دشت دامنه­ای) در منطقه حیدرآباد در جنوب­غرب دریاچه ارومیه، در حد فاصل شهرهای ارومیه و محمدیار مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. بدین منظور با توجه به تغییرات شیب و ارتفاع، در هر تیپ­ اراضی دو خاکرخ حفر، تشریح و رده­بندی شدند و از افق­های ژنتیکی نمونه­برداری انجام گرفت و ویژگی­های فیزیکی، ­شیمیایی و کانی­شناسی آن­ها تعیین شد. براساس نتایج حاصله، عمق خاکرخ، ضخامت سولوم و عمق و ضخامت افق­های کلسیک، مقادیر رس، کربن آلی، ظرفیت تبادل کاتیونی، هدایت الکتریکی و کربنات کلسیم معادل خاک­ها با کاهش شیب به سمت انتهای ردیف توپوگرافی افزایش یافت. علاوه­ براین، در انتهای ردیف توپوگرافی (تیپ­اراضی دشت دامنه­ای) انتقال عمودی رس منجر به تشکیل افق­های آرجیلیک شده است. براساس مطالعات کانی­شناسی، کانی­های ایلایت، اسمکتایت، کلرایت، کائولینایت، ورمی­کولایت و پالی­گورسکایت کانی­های رسی غالب در این خاک­ها می­باشند. نتایج مطالعات کانی­شناسی نشان داد که­ در قسمت­های بالادست ردیف توپوگرافی (خاکرخ­های 1 و 2، تیپ­اراضی تپه) کانی­های ایلایت و کلرایت، کانی­های رسی غالب می­باشند. به­تدریج با کاهش شیب، به مقدار اسمکتایت خاک­ها افزوده شده و در انتهای ردیف توپوگرافی (خاکرخ­های 5 و 6، تیپ­اراضی دشت دامنه­ای)، اسمکتایت به­صورت کانی غالب درآمده است. در خاکرخ 4 (تیپ ­اراضی فلات)، علاوه بر کانی­های اسمکتایت و ایلایت که کانی‌های غالب این خاکرخ هستند، کانی پالی­گورسکایت نیز یکی از کانی­های غالب می­باشد. تغییرات پستی و بلندی از واحد تپه به سمت واحد­های فلات و دشت دامنه­ای، با تأثیر در میزان روان­آب سطحی و مقدار آب نفوذ یافته به درون خاک و انتقال عمودی املاح به اعماق، تشکیل و تکامل خاک­ها را تحت تأثیر قرار داده است. در نهایت تفاوت در ویژگی­های فیزیکی و شیمیایی و کانی­شناسی خاک­ها منجر به­ تمایز آن­ها در طول ردیف توپوگرافی شده است و باعث گردیده که این خاکرخ‌ها در سه رده انتی­سول، اینسپتی­سول و آلفی­سول قرار گیرند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

The study of physicochemical and mineralogical properties of soils in a toposequence in South West of Urmia Lake

نویسنده [English]

  • Laya Aliyari

Urmia University

چکیده [English]

In order to study the effects of topography on morphological, physicochemical and mineralogical properties of soils, a toposequence composed of three land types (hills, plateau and piedmont plain) in Heydarabad region in the south west of Urmia Lake between Urmia and Mohammadyar cities was investigated. Considering the variations in slope and elevation, type two soil profiles were dug, described and classified in each land and soil samples were taken from genetic horizons and their physicochemical and mineralogical properties were determined using standard methods. According to the results, the depth of soil, solum thickness, the depth and thickness of calcic horizons, the values of clay content, organic carbon, cation exchange capacity, electrical conductivity and calcium carbonate equivalent of soils were increased with decreasing in the slope and elevation of region to the downward of toposequence. Additionally, in the lower part of toposequence (piedmont plain land type), vertical translocation of clay has been lead to the formation of argillic horizons. According to clay mineralogical investigations, illite, smectite, chlorite, kaolinite, vermiculite and palygorskite were the major clay minerals in these soils. Clay mineralogical investigations revealed that in the higher parts of toposequence (soil profiles 1 and 2, hills land type) illite and chlorite were the common clay minerals. Gradually, with decrease in slope, the content of smectite in soils were increased and reached to the highest value and become the dominant clay mineral in the lower part of toposequence (soil profiles 5 and 6, piedmont plain land type). In soil profile 4 (plateau land type), in addition with smectite and illite, palygorskite is present as one of common clay minerals. Variations of topography from hills to plateau and piedmont plain have been effected the value of runoff, the amount of penetrating water and vertical translocation of salts and so affected the development and evolution of soils. Finally, differences in physicochemical and mineralogical properties of soils have been lead to the differentiation of soils along toposequence and their classification in three orders Entisoils, Inceptisols and Alfisols.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • argillic horizone
  • calcic horizone
  • smectite
  • soil evolution
Azizi P., Mahmoodi Sh., Torabi H., Masihabadi M. H., and Homaee M. 2011. Morphologycal, physic-Chemical and clay mineralogy investigation on gypsiferous soils in Southern of Tehran, Iran. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 7 (2): 153-161.
Brady N.C., and Weil, R.R. 1999. The nature and properties of soils. 12th Ed. PrenticeHall, 881p.
Buck B. J., and Van Hoesen J.G. 2002. Snowball morphology and SEM analysis of pedogenic gypsum, southern New Mexico. Journal of Arid Environments, 51: 469-487.
Dultz S., and Kühn P. 2005.  Occurrence,  formation  and  micromorphology of  gypsum  in  soils  from  the  central  German  Chernozem  region. Geoderma, 129: 230-250.
Etedali Dehkordi S., Abtahi A., Salehi M.H., Givi J., Farpoor M.H., and Baghernejad M. 2018. Studying of the formation and development of soils in a toposequence in Chelgerd region, Chaharmahal-va-Bakhtiari province. Journal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production, 7(4): 45-64. (In Persian).
Farzamnia P., Manafi Sh., and Momtaz H.R. 2015. Formation and evolution of soils formed on
quaternary sediments in a part of Urmia plain. Journal of soil Management and Sustainable
Production,
5 (2): 93-111. (In Persian)
Hussain M. S., Amadi T.H., and Sulaiman M.S. 2003. Characteristics of soil of a toposequnce in northeastern Iraq. Geoderma, 33: 63-82.
Imadojemo P.E., Osujieke D.N., and Obasi S.N. 2017. Evaluation of Fadama soils along a toposequence proximal to river Donga in wukari area of northeast Nigeria. International journal of agriculture and rural development, 20(2): 3150-3158.
Shiau Y.J., Pai Ch.W., Tsai J., Liu W.Ch., Yam R.S.W. Chang I.Sh.Ch., Tang S.L., and Chiu Ch.Y. 2018. Characterization of Phosphorus in a Toposequence of Subtropical Perhumid Forest Soils Facing a Subalpine Lake. Forests, 9(294): 1-14.
IUSS Working Group WRB. 2015. World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2014, Update 2015. International Soil Classification System for Naming Soils and Creating Legends for Soil Maps. World Soil Resources Reports No. 106, Rome, FAO. 192p.
Khormali F. and Nabiollahi K. 2009. Degradation of mollisols in western Iran as affected by land use change. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 11: 363-374.
Khresat S.A., and Qudah E.A. 2006. Formation and properties of aridic soils of Azraq Basin in northeastern Jordan. Journal of arid environments, 64: 116-136.
Kunze G.W., and Dixon J.B. 1996.  Pretreatment for mineralogical analysis. In: Klute, A. (Eds). Methods of soil analysis. Part 1. SSSA. Madison WI. USA. Lindsay, W. L., and W. A. pp: 91-100.
Lee B.D., Sears S.K., Graham R.C., Amrhein C., and Vali H. 2003. Secondary mineral genesis from chlorite and serpentine in an ultramafic soil toposequence. Soil Science Society of American Journal, 67: 1309-1317.
Mahmodi Sh., and Hakimian M. 2006. Fundmentals of soil science. 3rd (Ed). Tehran University publication, 706p. (In Persian)
Manafi Sh. 2010. Mineralogical evidence of climate change in some semiarid Soils of Southern Urmia, Iran. Soil Science Agrochemistry and Ecology, 4: 17-24.
Manafi Sh. 2014. Genesis and evolution of soil and carbonate translocation in Rashakan region, Urmia: The effect of toposequence. Final report of research project, 157p. (In Persian)
Maniyunda L.M., and Gwari M.G. 2014. Soil development on a toposequence on loessial deposit in Northern Guinea, Savana, Nigeria. ARPN Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science, 9(3):110-116.
Mohammed S., Kibret K., and Mohammed M. 2018. Characterization and classification of soils along toposequence of Gobeya Sub-Watershed, South Wello Zone, Ethiopia. Asian Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 2(4): 1-17.
Naghizadeh R. 2004. 1:100000 geological map of Naghadeh. Geological survey and mineral exploration organization of Iran.
Narimani Z., and Manafi Sh. 2015. The study of physico-chemical and mineralogical properties and classification of some saline- sodic soils in the east of Urmia plain. Journal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production, 7(4): 45-64. (In Persian)
Pashaei L., and Manafi Sh. 2017. Study of physico-chemical and mineralogical properties of gypsiferous soils in the north of Urmia. Journal of applied soil research, 4(2): 72-90. (In Persian)
Rezaei H. Jafarzadeh A., Alijanpour A., Shahbazi F., and Valizadeh K. 2015. Effect of slope position on soil properties and types along an elevation gradient of arasbaran forest, Iran. International Journal on Advanced Science Engineering formation Technologhy, 5(6): 449-456.
Sedov S., Solleiro-Rebolledo E., Fedick S., Gama-castro J., Palacios-mayorga S., and Vallejo Gómez E. 2007. Soil genesis in relation to landscape evolution and ancient sustainable land use in the northeastern Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Atti della Società toscana di scienze naturali, residente in Pisa.Serie A, 112: 115-126.
Shakeri S., and Owliaei H. R. 2011. The effect of topography on soil formation in Izadkhast region Fars. Proceedings of 12th Iranian soil science Congress, Tabriz, Iran. pp 64-68.
Soil Survery Staff. 2012. Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils. National Soil Survey Center. Natural Resources Conservation Service. U.S. Department of Agriculture. 315p.
Soil Survey Staff. 1999. Soil Taxonomy, A Basic System of Soil Classification for Making and Interpreting Soil Surveys, 2nd Edition. USDA - NRCS. Washington. D.C. 870p.
Soil Survey Staff. 2014. Keys to Soil Taxonomy, 12th Edition. USDA - NRCS. Washington. D.C.
Su W., Yi Min N., XiaoJie H., and Xicagang Z. 2004. Study on spatial variability of soil nutrients in Beima town of Shandong Province by using kriging method. Journal of Anhui Agricultural University, 31(1): 76-81.
Thompson J.A., and Kolka R.K. 2005. Soil Carbon storage estimation in a forested watershed using quantitative soil- landscape modeling. Soil Science Society of American Journal, 69, 1086-1093.
USDA-NRCS. 2004. Soil Survey Laboratory Methods Manual. Soil Survey invrstigations. Report No, 42. 693p.