تغییرات برخی ویژگی‌های شیمیایی مواد آلی مختلف پس از تبدیل به بیوچار و هیدروچار

عظیم زاده, یاسر; نجفی, نصرت اله; عبدالملکی, الناز; امیرلو, بهناز

تغییرات برخی ویژگی‌های شیمیایی مواد آلی مختلف پس از تبدیل به بیوچار و هیدروچار

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تبریز

چکیده

بیوچار و هیدروچار مواد جامد کربنی هستند که از کربونیزه‌شدن زیست‌توده‌های آلی تولید شده و باعث ترسیب کربن و بهبود حاصلخیزی خاک می‌شوند. هدف از این پژوهش، تبدیل زیست‌توده‌های مختلف شامل لجن فاضلاب، کود مرغی، تفاله چغندر قند، کاه و کلش گندم و ضایعات چوب سیب به بیوچار و هیدروچار و بررسی ویژگی‌های شیمیایی آن‌ها بود. همچنین، با استفاده از یک آزمایش گلخانه‌ای به‌صورت فاکتوریل در قالب ‏طرح پایه کاملاً تصادفی با 3 تکرار، ‏اثر بیوچار و هیدروچار چوب سیب در حضور و عدم حضور کود ‏مونوکلسیم فسفات بر pH، EC و غلظت فسفر، پتاسیم و سدیم فراهم خاک بررسی ‏شد. برای تولید بیوچار از فرایند گرماکافت آهسته با دمای 500 درجه سلسیوس و مدت یک ساعت و برای تولید هیدروچار از فرایند کربونیزه‌شدن گرمآبی در دمای 180 درجه سلسیوس، فشار 11 بار و مدت 12 ساعت استفاده شد. بعد از تبدیل زیست‌توده‌ها به بیوچار و هیدروچار، درصد عملکرد بیوچارها و هیدروچارها و pH، EC، درصد خاکستر و غلظت عناصر نیتروژن، فسفر، پتاسیم، کلسیم، منیزیم، سدیم، آهن، منگنز، مس و روی در زیست‌توده، بیوچار و هیدروچارهای تولید شده بررسی شد. نتایج نشان داد که درصد خاکستر و غلظت عناصر در زیست‌توده، بیوچار و هیدروچار کود مرغی و لجن فاضلاب بیشتر از تفاله چغندر قند، کاه و کلش گندم و ضایعات چوب سیب بود. pH همه بیوچارها بیشتر از 7 و pH همه هیدروچارها (بهجز هیدروچار کود مرغی) کمتر از 7 بود. با مصرف بیوچار چوب در خاک، pH خاک افزایش و با مصرف توأم هیدروچار چوب و کود فسفر در خاک، pH خاک کاهش یافت. در هر دو حالت با و بدون مصرف کود فسفر در خاک، pH و EC خاک در حضور هیدروچار کمتر از بیوچار بود. بین کود فسفر و بیوچار و هیدروچار در افزایش فسفر فراهم خاک یک برهمکنش همافزایی مشاهده شد. اثر مصرف بیوچار، هیدروچار و کود فسفر بر پتاسیم و سدیم فراهم خاک معنادار نشد. باتوجه‌به pH اسیدی هیدروچارهای مورد مطالعه و افزایش غلظت برخی عناصر غذایی در بیوچارها و هیدروچارهای مورد مطالعه، مصرف بیوچار و هیدروچار همراه با کود فسفر در خاکهای آهکی می‌تواند توصیه شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Changes in Some Chemical Properties of Various Organic Materials after Converting in Biochar and Hydrochar

نویسندگان [English]

Yaser Azimzadeh
Nosratollah Najafi
Elnaz Abdolmaleki
Behnaz Amirloo

Department of Soil Science Engineering, College of Agriculture, Tabriz University

چکیده [English]

Biochar and hydrochar are carbonacious solid materials that produced through carbonization of biomasses, resulting in carbon sequestration and soil fertility improvement. The aim of this study was converting different biomasses including sewage sludge, poultry manure, sugar beet tailing, wheat straw, and apple wood wastes to biochar and hydrochar and investigating their chemical properties. Also, using a factorial experiment on the basis of completely randomized design with three replications, ‎the effects of the apple wood biochar and hydrochar were studied in the presence and absence of monocalcium phosphate fertilizer‎ on soil pH and EC and available P, K, and Na. A slow pyrolysis process with a temperature of 500 ^ºC for 1 h was employed to produce the biochar and a hydrothermal carbonization process with a temperature of 180 ^ºC and pressure of 11 bar for 12 h was applied to produce the hydrochar. After conversion of biomasses to biochar and hydrochar, yield percentage of the biochars and hydrochars and pH, EC, ash percentage, and concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn in initial biomasses, biochars, and hydrochars were measured. The results showed that the ash percentage and elements concentrations in biomasses, biochars, and hydrochars of poultry manure and sewage sludge were greater than those of sugar beet tailing, wheat straw, and apple wood. The pH of all biochars was more than 7, and the pH of all hydrochars (except for the poultry manure-derived hydrochar) was less than 7. Application of wood biochar increased soil pH and the integration of P-fertilizer with hydrochar decreased soil pH. The soil pH and EC in presence of hydrochar were lower than those of biochar with and without P-fertilizer. The P-fertilizer had synergistic interactions with biochar and hydrochar‎ in terms of soil available-P. The effects of biochar, hydrochar, and P-fertilizer application on soil available- potassium and sodium were not significant. Regarding the acidic pH of the studied hydrochars and increased concentrations of some nutrients in the investigated biochars and hydrochars, the applications of biochar and hydrochar accompany with P-fertilizer could be recommended in calcareous soils.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

Hydrothermal carbonization
Nutrients
Organic matter
Phosphorus
Pyrolysis‎

مراجع

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