نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه جنگلداری، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس

2 گروه جنگداری، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و علوم دریایی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس

3 گروه علوم محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و علوم دریایی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس

چکیده

زغال زیستی یک افزودنی‌ پرکاربرد در بهبود کارایی گیاه‌پالایی از طریق افزایش رشد گیاه بوده که اثرگذاری آن به‌صورت جداگانه و یا در ترکیب با باکتری‌های ریزوسفری در کاهش قابلیت دسترسی زیستی فلزات سنگین خاک یک مزیت مهم به­شمار می­آید. پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی کاربرد جداگانه و ترکیبی زغال زیستی (تولید شده از ضایعات چوب جنگلی ممرز، در سه سطح صفر، 5/2 و 5 درصد وزن خاک) و باکتریPseudomonas fluorescens  روی ویژگی‌های رویشی نهال‌ گلدانی بید سفید (Salix alba L.) کاشته شده در خاک آلوده به فلزات سنگین (سرب، مس و کادمیوم)، و هم‌چنین شاخص‌های قابلیت دسترسی زیستی، کارایی حذف فلزات، فاکتور انباشت (تغلیظ) زیستی و فاکتور انتقال فلزات در شرایط گلخانه‌ و بازه زمانی 160 روزه برنامه‌ریزی شد. نتایج نشان داد که بیش‌تر مؤلفه‌های رویشی نهال‌ تحت تأثیر کاربرد جداگانه و نیز ترکیب باکتری-زغال زیستی معنی‌دار بود. تیمار ترکیبی باکتری-زغال زیستی (سطح پنج درصد) موجب افزایش 59، 36، 142 و 85 درصدی به‌ترتیب، در وزن خشک برگ، ساقه، ریشه و کل نهال‌ها نسبت به شاهد (بدون باکتری-بدون زغال زیستی) شد. در تیمارهای زغال زیستی، شاخص‌های قابلیت دسترسی زیستی، کارایی حذف فلزات (به‌جزء سرب)، فاکتور انباشت زیستی و فاکتور انتقال (فقط در سطح مصرف 5/2 درصد زغال زیستی) سرب، مس و کادمیوم به‌ترتیب 13 تا 57، چهار تا 47، 29 تا 60 و 16 تا 33 درصد کم‌تر از شاهد اندازه‌گیری شد. تیمار ترکیبی باکتری-زغال زیستی نسبت به تیمار جداگانه زغال زیستی منجر به بهبود 191، 79، 84 و 13 درصدی به‌ترتیب در شاخص‌های مذکور شد. در کل، بر اساس یافته‌های پژوهش، ترکیب باکتری‌-زغال زیستی، منجر به دسترس‌پذیر کردن فلزات سنگین و بهبود کارایی نهال‌ها در حذف فلزات سنگین شد. از این رو، کاربرد ترکیبی باکتری-زغال زیستی به‌عنوان دو اصلاح کننده خاک، ضمن بهبود مؤلفه‌های رویشی نهال بید سفید، می­تواند دسترس‌پذیری فلزات سنگین توسط گیاه را تا حدودی فراهم کرده و فرآیند گیاه‌پالایی را بهبود ­بخشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Bioavailability of soil heavy metals as influenced by biochar and rhizosphere bacteria in the white willow (Salix alba L.) phytoremediation process

نویسندگان [English]

  • Sahar Mokaram-Kashtiban 1
  • Seyed Mohsen Hosseini 2
  • Masoud Tabari Kouchaksaraie 2
  • Habibollah Younesi 3

1 Department of forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran

2 Department of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Iran.

3 Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Iran

چکیده [English]

Abstract
Biochar is known as a widely-use amendment in improving phytoremediation efficiency through the increase of plant growth; whereas its influence (either individually or in combination with bacteria) on the reduction of heavy metals (HMs) bioavailability of soil is an important advantage. This study was planned to assess the effects of separately and combined of biochar produced by forest wood wastes of hornbeam at three levels of 0, 2.5 and 5% of soil dry weight and Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria on growth properties of potted white willow (Salix alba L.) seedling in a HM contaminated soil (Pb, Cu, and Cd). The variation of bioavailability (BA) and removal efficiency (RE) indexes, and bioaccumulation (BCF) and translocation (TF) factors also were analyzed in the treatments. The experiment was conducted under greenhouse condition for a 160 days’ period. The results showed that the variation in most growth components of seedlings was significant in the separate and combined treatments. The combined treatment of bacteria-biochar (at 5% level) increased the dry weight of leaf, shoot, root and total plant about 59, 36, 142, and 85% in comparison to the control (without the biochar and bacteria). In the biochar treatments, the BA, RE (except Pb), BCF, and TF (only in 2.5% of biochar) for Pb, Cu, and Cd were 13-57, 4-47, 29-60, and 16-33% lower than those in control, respectively. These indexes were improved by up to 191, 79, 84, and 13% in the bacteria-biochar treatment in compared to the individual application of biochar. In overall, according to our findings, the combination of biochar-bacteria led to the HMs bioavailability and improving the white willow function to eliminate soil HMs. So that, co-application of biochar and bacteria as soil amendments can increase growth parameters in white willow seedling and improve HMs bioavailability of plant in phytoremediation process.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Bioremediation
  • Metal bioaccumulation
  • Plant growth-promoting bacteria
  • Salix alba
  • Soil contamination
Reference
Abbaszadeh., F. Jalali., V.R. and Jafari., A. 2018. Investigating the source of some heavy metals using cluster and factor analysis techniques in soils of Hormoz Island. Applied Soil Research, 6(1): 13-24. (In Persian)
Arslan M., Afzal M., Amin I., Iqbal S. and Khan Q.M. 2014. Nutrients can enhance the abundance and expression of alkane hydroxylase CYP153 gene in the rhizosphere of ryegrass planted in hydrocarbon-polluted soil. PloS One, 9(10): e111208.
Balseiro-Romero M., Gkorezis P., Kidd P.S., Van Hamme J., Weyens N., Monterroso C., and Vangronsveld J. 2017. Use of plant growth promoting bacterial strains to improve Cytisus striatus and Lupinus luteus development for potential application in phytoremediation. Science of The Total Environment, 581-582: 676-688.
Bandara T., Herath I., Kumarathilaka P., Seneviratne M., Seneviratne G., Rajakaruna N., Vithanage M. and Ok Y.S. 2017. Role of woody biochar and fungal-bacterial co-inoculation on enzyme activity and metal immobilization in serpentine soil. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 17(3): 665-673.
Bittsánszky A., Gyulai G., Gullner G., Kiss J., Szabó Z., Kátay G., Heszky L., and Kömíves T. 2009. In vitro breeding of grey poplar (Populus×canescens) for phytoremediation purposes. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 84(6): 890-894.
Cicero-Fernández D., Peña-Fernández M., Expósito-Camargo J.A., and Antizar-Ladislao B. 2016. Role of Phragmites australis (common reed) for heavy metals phytoremediation of estuarine sediments. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 18(6), 575-582.
Cui L., Yan J., Yang Y., Li L., Quan G., Ding C., Chen T., Fu Q. and Chang, A. 2013. Influence of biochar on microbial activities of heavy metals contaminated paddy fields. Bioresources, 8(4): 5536-5548.
De Maria S., Rivelli A.R., Kuffner M., Sessitsch A., Wenzel W.W., Gorfer M., Strauss J. and Puschenreiter M. 2011. Interactions between accumulation of trace elements and macronutrients in Salix caprea after inoculation with rhizosphere microorganisms. Chemosphere, 84(9): 256-261.
Deng Z., and Cao L. 2017. Fungal endophytes and their interactions with plants in phytoremediation: A review. Chemosphere, 168: 1100-1106.
De Tender C.A., Debode J., Vandecasteele B., D’Hose T., Cremelie P., Haegeman A., Ruttink T., Dawyndt P. and Maes M. 2016. Biological, physicochemical and plant health responses in lettuce and strawberry in soil or peat amended with biochar. Applied Soil Ecology, 107: 1-12.
Fahmi A.H., Samsuri A.W., Jol H. and Singh D., 2018. Bioavailability and leaching of Cd and Pb from contaminated soil amended with different sizes of biochar. Royal Society Open Science, 5(11): 181328.
Goswami S., and Das S. 2016. Copper phytoremediation potential of Calandula officinalis L. and the role of antioxidant enzymes in metal tolerance. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 126: 211-218.
Guarino C., and Sciarrillo R. 2017. Effectiveness of in situ application of an Integrated Phytoremediation System (IPS) by adding a selected blend of rhizosphere microbes to heavily multi-contaminated soils. Ecological Engineering, 99: 70-82.
Hamzenejad Taghlidabad R., and Sepehr E. 2018. Heavy metals immobilization in contaminated soil by grape-pruning-residue biochar. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 64(8): 1041-1052.
Hao Q., and Jiang C. 2015. Heavy metal concentrations in soils and plants in Rongxi Manganese Mine of Chongqing, Southwest of China. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 35(1): 46-51.
Heidari A., Stahl R., Younesi H. Rashidi A. Troeger N. and Ghoreyshi A.A. 2014. Effect of process conditions on product yield and composition of fast pyrolysis of Eucalyptus grandis in fluidized bed reactor. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 20(4): 2594-2602.
Hussain F., Hussain I., Khan A.H.A., Muhammad Y.S., Iqbal M., Soja G., Reichenauer T.G. and Yousaf, S. 2018. Combined application of biochar, compost, and bacterial consortia with Italian ryegrass enhanced phytoremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soil. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 153: 80-88.
Jien, S.H., and Wang C.S. 2013. Effects of biochar on soil properties and erosion potential in a highly weathered soil. Catena, 110: 225-233.
Jin Z., Chen C., Chen X., Hopkins I., Zhang X., Han Z., Jiang F. and Billy G. 2019. The crucial factors of soil fertility and rapeseed yield-A five-year field trial with biochar addition in upland red soil, China. Science of The Total Environment, 649: 1467-1480.
Joseph S., Graber E.R., Chia C., Munroe P., Donne S., Thomas T., Nielsen S., Marjo C., Rutlidge H., Pan G.X. and Li L. 2013. Shifting paradigms: development of high-efficiency biochar fertilizers based on nano-structures and soluble components. Carbon Management, 4(3): 323-343.
Karimi A., Khodaverdiloo H. and Rasouli‐Sadaghiani M.H., 2018. Microbial‐enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated calcareous soil by Centaurea cyanus L. Clean–Soil, Air, Water, 46(2): 1700665.
Khan A.G. 2005. Role of soil microbes in the rhizospheres of plants growing on trace metal contaminated soils in phytoremediation. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, 18(4): 355-364.
Khodaverdiloo H., and Hamzenejad Taghlidabad R. 2014. Phytoavailability and potential transfer of Pb from a salt-affected soil to Atriplex verucifera, Salicornia europaea and Chenopodium album. Chemistry and Ecology, 30(3): 216-226.
Khanmohammadi., Z. Afyuni., M. and Mosaddeghi., M.R. 2015. Effect of pyrolysis temperature on chemical properties of sugarcane bagasse and Pistachio residues biochar. Applied Soil Research, 3(1): 1-13. (In Persian)
Lebrun M., Macri C., Miard F., Hattab-Hambli N., Motelica-Heino M., Morabito D. and Bourgerie S. 2017. Effect of biochar amendments on as and Pb mobility and phytoavailability in contaminated mine technosols phytoremediated by SalixJournal of Geochemical Exploration, 182: 149-156.
Liu B., Ai S., Zhang W., Huang D. and Zhang Y. 2011. Assessment of the bioavailability, bioaccessibility and transfer of heavy metals in the soil-grain-human systems near a mining and smelting area in NW China. Science of the Total Environment, 609: 822-829.
Meng J., Tao M., Wang L., Liu X. and Xu J. 2018. Changes in heavy metal bioavailability and speciation from a Pb-Zn mining soil amended with biochars from co-pyrolysis of rice straw and swine manure. Science of The Total Environment, 633: 300-307.
Miransari M. 2011. Hyperaccumulators, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and stress of heavy metals. Biotechnology Advances, 29(6): 645-653.
Mousavi S.M., Motesharezadeh B., Hosseini H.M. Alikhani H., and Zolfaghari A.A. 2018. Root-induced changes of Zn and Pb dynamics in the rhizosphere of sunflower with different plant growth promoting treatments in a heavily contaminated soil. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 147: 206-216.
Paz-Ferreiro J., Lu H., Fu S., Méndez A. and Gascó G. 2014. Use of phytoremediation and biochar to remediate heavy metal polluted soils: A review. Solid Earth, 5(1): 65-75.
Puga A.P., Abreu C.A., Melo L.C.A. and Beesley L. 2015. Biochar application to a contaminated soil reduces the availability and plant uptake of zinc, lead and cadmium. Journal of Environmental Management, 159: 86-93.
Rajkumar M., Sandhya S., Prasad M.N.V. and Freitas H. 2012. Perspectives of plant-associated microbes in heavy metal phytoremediation. Biotechnology Advances, 30(6): 1562-1574.
Randolph P., Bansode R.R., Hassan O.A., Rehrah D., Ravella R., Reddy M.R., Watts D.W. Novak J.M. and Ahmedna M. 2017. Effect of biochars produced from solid organic municipal waste on soil quality parameters. Journal of Environmental Management, 192: 271-280.
Safari Sinegani, A.A., and Jafari Monsef, M. 2017. Effect of cadmium pollution on soil organic carbon particle size fractions in Hamadan and Lahigan soils treated with wheat straw. Applied Soil Research, 5(1): 1-12. (In Persian)
Saladin G. 2015. Phytoextraction of heavy metals: The potential efficiency of conifers, In: Heavy metal contamination of soils, soil biology, Sherameti, I., Varma, A. (Ed.). Springer International Publishing Switzerland, pp. 333-353.
Salehi A., Tabari Kouchaksaraei M., Mohammadie-Goltapeh E. and Shirvani, A. 2014. Lead stress differently influence survival and growth of two poplar clones in association with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. International Journal of Biosciences (IJB), 5(6): 162-172.
Sousa N.R., Franco A.R., Ramos M.A., Oliveira R.S. and Castro P.M. 2015. The response of Betula pubescens to inoculation with an ectomycorrhizal fungus and a plant growth promoting bacterium is substrate-dependent. Ecological Engineering, 81(4): 439-443.
Wu F.B., Jing D.O.N.G., Jia G.X., Zheng S.J. and Zhang G.P. 2006. Genotypic difference in the responses of seedling growth and Cd toxicity in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Agricultural Sciences in China, 5(1), 68-76.
Xu Y., Seshadri B., Sarkar B., Wang H., Rumpel C., Sparks D., Farrell M., Hall T., Yang X. and Bolan N. 2018. Biochar modulates heavy metal toxicity and improves microbial carbon use efficiency in soil. Science of The Total Environment, 621, 148-159.
Yoon J., Cao X., Zhou Q. and Ma L.Q. 2006. Accumulation of Pb, Cu, and Zn in native plants growing on a contaminated Florida site. Science of the Total Environment, 368(2), 456-464.
Zimmer D., Baum C., Leinweber P., Hrynkiewicz K. and Meissner, R. 2009. Associated bacteria increase the phytoextraction of cadmium and zinc from a metal-contaminated soil by mycorrhizal willows. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 11(2): 200-213.