تأثیر زغال زیستی و قارچ میکوریز بر خصوصیات رشدی و تغذیه گیاه همیشه بهار (Calendula officinalis L.)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه اردکان، اردکان، ایران

2 استادیار، گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه اردکان، اردکان، ایران

3 گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه اردکان، اردکان، ایران

4 گروه زراعت، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهرکرد، شهرکرد، ایران

چکیده

چکیده
کاربرد قارچ میکوریز و زغال زیستی می­تواند با افزایش جذب آب و عناصر از منطقه ریشه باعث بهبود تولید محصول ­شوند. به منظور بررسی اثر زغال زیستی بقایای هرس هلو (صفر، دو و چهار درصد وزنی-وزنی) و قارچ میکوریز (عدم تلقیح و تلقیح با قارچ میکوریز) بر خصوصیات مرفوفیزیولوژیک و غلظت عناصر در اندام­هوایی همیشه بهار (Calendula officinalis L.)آزمایشی به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با سه تکرار در شرایط گلخانه انجام شد. زغال زیستی تهیه شده از الک دو میلی­متری عبور داده و با خاک مخلوط شد. کاربرد قارچ میکوریز به روش تماس مستقیم با ریشه گیاه انجام شد. پس از شش ماه، ویژگی­های مرفوفیزیولوژیک و غلظت برخی عناصر ماکرو و میکرو در اندام هوایی اندازه­گیری شد. نتایج نشان داد که با کاربرد همزمان چهار درصد زغال زیستی و قارچ میکوریز، کلروفیل، قطر گل، ارتفاع گیاه، سطح برگ، قطر ساقه، وزن خشک گیاه و غلظت عناصر فسفر، پتاسیم، کلسیم و آهن نسبت به شاهد به­طور معنی­داری افزایش یافت. تیمار چهار درصد زغال زیستی و کاربرد همزمان چهار درصد زغال زیستی و قارچ میکوریز توانست غلظت روی را در اندام هوایی گیاه نسبت به شاهد به ترتیب 7/13 و 5/19 درصد افزایش دهد. کاربرد چهار درصد زغال زیستی منجر به افزایش معنی­دار Mn نسبت به شاهد شد (3/91 در مقابل6/86 میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم برای شاهد)، در حالی که کاربرد دو درصد زغال زیستی تفاوت معنی­داری نسبت به تیمار شاهد و چهار درصد زغال زیستی نشان نداد. نتایج تأثیر اضافه کردن زغال زیستی به خاک پس از دوره رشد گیاه نشان داد که با اضافه کردن چهار درصد زغال زیستی، پتاسیم قابل جذب، Ca، Mg و Mn نسبت به شاهد به ترتیب2/31، 4/71، 8/25 و 3/27 درصد افزایش یافت. به­نظر می­رسد کاربرد این مواد بتواند با بهبود فراهمی عناصر غذایی و شرایط رشد گیاه، باعث افزایش شاخص‌های رشدی گیاه شده و تولید محصول را تحت تأثیر قرار دهد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of Biochar and Mycorrhizal Fungi on the Growth Characteristics and Nutrition of Calendula (Calendula Officinalis L.)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Ehsan Karimi 1
  • Mostafa Shirmardi 2
  • Maryam Dehestani Ardakani 3
  • Mojtaba Karimi 4
  • Jalal Gholamnezhad 3
1 Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Ardakan University, Ardakan, Iran.
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Ardakan University, Ardakan, Iran
3 Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Ardakan University, Ardakan, Iran.
4 Department of Agronomy, Agriculture Faculty, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Abstract
Application of Mycorrhizal Fungi (MF) and biochar can increase water and nutrient uptake in the rooting zone and thus improve crop production. A factorial experiment with completely randomized design with three replications was conducted to investigate the effects of biochar (0, 2 and 4% w/w) and MF (non-inoculation and inoculation with MF) on the morphophysiological characteristics and concentration of elements in calendula (Calendula officinalis L.) in greenhouse condition. The biochar was passed through a sieve of 2 mm and mixed with soil. The application of mycorrhizal fungi was done by direct contact with the root of plant. After six months, the morphophysiological characteristics and the concentration of some macro and micro elements in shoot were measured. The results showed that with simultaneous application of 4% biochar and mycorrhizal fungi increased chlorophyll, flower diameter, plant height, leaf area, stem diameter, plant dry weight and concentration of P, K, Ca and Fe compared to control, significantly. Zn concentration increased in 4% biochar treatment and simultaneous use of 4% biochar and mycorrhizal fungui compared to the control significantly (13.7 and 19.5% respectively). The application of 4% biochar caused a significant increase in Mn concentration compared to the control (91.3 against 86.6 mg.kg-1), while the application of 2% biochar has not a significant difference with control and 4% biochar treatments. The results of the effect of adding biohar to soil after plant growth period showed that available K, Ca, Mg and Mn increased with addition of 4% biochar by 22.2, 18.2, 43.6 and 15.2%, respectively. However, 2% biochar treatment had no significant effect on these soil parameters compared to control. It seems that application of these materials can improve availability of nutrients and plant growth parameters by improving plant growth conditions and affect crop production.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Biochar
  • Biofertilizer
  • Organic amendments
  • Plant nutrition
  • Macro elements
References
Ahmad N. 2015. Soil water management systems for a drier Caribbean. CARDI Review, 16: 34-53.
Akbari P., Ghalavand A., and Modarres Sanavi S.A.M. 2009. Effects of Different Nutrition Systems (Organic, Chemical and Integrated) and Biofertilizer on Yield and Other Growth Traits of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Journal of Agriculture Science, 1: 83-93. (In Persian)
Asai H., Samson B.K., Stephan H.M., Songyikhangsuthor K., Homma K., Kiyono Y., Inoue Y., Shiraiwa T., and Horie T. 2009. Biochar amendment techniques for upland rice production in Northern Laos. 1. Soil physical properties, leaf SPAD and grain yield. Field Crops Research, 111: 81–84.
Baldock J.A., and Smernik R.J. 2002. Chemical composition and bioavailability of thermally altered Pinus resinosa (red pine) wood. Organic Geochemistry, 33: 1093–1109.
Beheshti M., Alikhani H., and Motesharezadeh B. 2014. Study of the effect of biochar and vermicompost on soil available phosphorus. M.Sc. thesis. Soil science department. University of Tehran. Iran, 147p. 
Bolan N.S., Robson A.D., and Barrow N.J. 1987. Effect of VAM on the availability of iron phosphates to plants. Plant Soil, 99: 401–410.
Bouyoucos C.J. 1962. Hydrometer method improved for making particle size analysis of soil. Agronomy Journal, 54: 464-465.
Bradl H.B. 2004. Adsorption of heavy metal ions on soils and soils constituents. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 277: 1-18.
Chan K.Y., Van Zwieten L., Meszaros I., Downie A., and Joseph S. 2007. Agronomic values of greenwaste biochar as a soil amendment. Soil Research, 45: 629–634.
Cheng C.H., Lehmann J., Thies J.E., and Burton, S.D. 2008. Stability of black carbon in soils across a climatic gradient. Journal of Geophysical Research, 113: 1-10.
Cottenie, A. 1980. Soil and Plant Testing and Analysis as a Basis of Fertilizer Recommendations(4th Ed.). FAO Soils Bulletin. 127p.
Divband Hafshejani L., Naseri A.A., Hooshmand A., Abbasi F., and Soltani Mohammadi A. 2016. Effect of Sugarcane Bagasse Biochar Application on Chemical Properties a Sandy Loam Soil. Irrigation science and engineering, 40: 63-72. (In Persian)
Douds J.R., and Millner P.D. 1999. Biodiversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in agroecosystems. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 74: 77-93.
Dutt S., Sharma S.D., and Kumar P. 2013. Arbuscular mycorrhizas and Zn fertilization modify growth and physiological behavior of apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.). Scientia Horticulturae, 155: 97-104.
Ehyaei M., and Behbahanizade A.A. 1991. Methods of Soil Chemical Analysis. Soil and Water Research Institute. Tehran. Iran. 983p.
Elzobair K.A., Stromberger M.E., Ippolito J.A., and Lentz R.D. 2016. Contrasting effects of biochar versus manure on soil microbial communities and enzyme activities in an Aridisol. Chemosphere, 142: 145-152.
Enrique G., Olmo M., Poorter H., Ubera J.L., and Villar R. 2016. Leaf mass per area (LMA) and its relationship with leaf structure and anatomy in 34 Mediterranean woody species along a water availability gradient. Plos one, 2: 1-18.
Farrell M., Kuhn T.K., Macdonald L.M., Maddern T.M., Murphy D.V., Hall P.A., Singh B.P., Baumann K., Krull E.S., and Baldock J.A. 2013. Microbial utilisation of biochar derived carbon. Science of the Total Environment, 465: 288–297.
Forster P., Ramaswamy V., Artaxo P., Berntsen T., Betts R., Fahey D.W., Haywood J., Lean J., Lowe D.C., and Myhre G. 2007. Changes in atmospheric constituents and in radioactive forcing. In: Solomon S., Qin D., Manning M., Chen Z., Marquis M., Averyt K. B., Tignor M., and Miller H. L. (Eds.), Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. pp. 129-234.
Gaskin J.W., Speir R.A., Harris K., Das K.C., Lee R.D., Morris L.A., and Fisher D.S. 2010. Effect of peanut hull and pine chip biochar on soil nutrients, corn nutrient status, and yield. Agronomy Journal, 102: 623–633.
Glaser B., and Birk J.J. 2012. State of the scientific knowledge on properties and genesis of Anthropogenic Dark Earths in Central Amazonia (terra preta de indio). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 82: 39-51.
Guarda G., Padovan S., and Delogu G. 2004. Grain yield, nitrogen-use efficiency and baking quality of old and modern Italian bread-wheat cultivars grown at different nitrogen levels. European Journal of Agronomy, 21: 181– 192.
Gul B., Abideen Z., Ansari R., and Khan M.A. 2013. Halophytic biofuels revisited. Biofuels, 4: 575-577.
Gupta P. 1999. Soil, plant, water and Fertilizer Analysis (2nd Ed.). AgroBotanica, Bikaner, 438p.
Haider G., Koyro H., Azam F., Steffens D., Müller C., and Kammann C. 2015. Biochar but not humic acid product amendment affected maize yields via improving plant-soil moisture relations. Plant and Soil, 395: 141–157.
Haluschak P. 2006. Laboratory Methods of Soil Analysis. Canada-Manitoba soil survey, 133p.
He Z., He C., Zhang Z., Zou Z., and Wang H. 2007. Changes of antioxidative enzymes and cell membrane osmosis in tomato colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizae under NaCl stress. Colloids Surf B: Biointerfaces, 59: 128–33.
Johnson A.E., and Goulding K.W. 1990. The use of plant and soil analysis to predict the potassium supplying capacity of soil. In: Development of K-Fertilizer Recommendation, 22nd Colloquium of international potassium institute, pp. 153-180
Karami N., Clemente R., Jimenez E.M., Lepp N.W., and Beesley L. 2011. Efficiency of green waste compost and biochar soil amendments for reducing lead and copper mobility and uptake to ryegrass. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 191: 41–48.
Koirala U., and Jha S. 2013. Macrophytes of the lowland wetlands in Morang district. Nepalese Journal of Biosciences, 1: 131-139.
Kothari S.K., Marschner H., and Romheld V. 1991. Contribution of the VA mycorrhizal hyphae in acquisition of phosphorus and zinc by maize grown in a calcareous soil. Plant and Soil, 131: 177–185.
Lehmann J., and Joseph S. 2009. Biochar for environmental management: Science and Technology (3rd Ed.). Earthscan. 438p.
Lehmann J., Skjemstad J.O., Sohi S., Carter J., Barson M., Falloon P., Coleman K., Woodbury P., and Krull E.  2008. Australian climate-carbon cycle feedback reduced by soil black carbon. Nature Geoscience, 1: 832–835.
Lindsay W.L., and Norvell W.A. 1978. Development of a DTPA soil testor zinc, iron, manganese and copper. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 42: 421–428.
Masto R.E., Kumar S., Rout T.K., Sarkar P., George J., and Ram L.C. 2013. Biochar from water hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes) and its impact on soil biological activity. Catena, 111: 64–71.
Miransari M., Bahrami H.A., Rejali F., Malakouti M.J., and Torabi H. 2007. Using arbuscular mycorrhiza to reduce the stressful effects of soil compaction on corn (Zea mays L.) growth. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 39: 2014-2026.
Mohammad M.J., Malkawi H.I., and Shibli R. 2003. Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and phosphorus fertilization on growth and nutrient uptake of barley grown on soils with different levels of salts. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 26: 125–137.
Mojtabavi K., and Darzi M.T. 2018. Effects of vermicompost and nitroxin application on flower yield, yield components and essential oil quality of marigold (Calendula officinalis L.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 33: 1034-1036. (In Persian)
Murphy J., and Riley J.P. 1962. A modified single solution method for determination of phosphate in natural waters. Analytica Chimica Acta. 27: 31–36.
Nadeem S.M., Ahmad M., Zahir Z.A., Javaid A., and Ashraf M. The role of mycorrhizae and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in improving crop productivity under stressful environments. Biotechnology Advances, 32: 429-448.
Najafi ghiri M. 2015. Effect of different biochars on some soil characteristics and availability of some nutrient elements in a calcareous soil. Journal of soil research, 29: 351-358. (In Persian)
Namgay T., Singh B., and Singh B. P. 2010. Influence of biochar application to soil on the availability of As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn to maize (Zea mays). Australian Journal of Soil Research, 48: 638-647.
Nguyen B.T., and Marschner P. 2005. Effect of drying and rewetting on phosphorus transformations in red brown soils with different soil organic matter content. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 37: 1573-1576.
Nigussie A., Endalkachew K., Mastawesha M., and Gebermedihin A. 2012. Effect of biochar application on soil properties and nutrient uptake of Lettuces (Lactuca sativa) grown in chromium polluted soils. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Science, 12: 369–376.
Novak J.M., Busscher W.J., Laird D.L., Ahmedna M., Watts D.W., and Niando M.A.S. 2009. Impact of biochar amendment on fertility of a southeastern coastal plain soil. Soil Science, 174: 105–112.
Rhodas L. H., and Gerdemann J. W. 1980. Nutrient translocation in VAM. In: C. B. Cooks, P. W. Pappas and E. D. Rudolp (Eds), Cellular Interactions in Symbiosis and Parasitism Ohio State University Press. pp.173-234.
Richards L.A. 1954. Diagnosis and Improvement of Saline and Alkali Soils. Agriculture Handbook 60, USDA, Washington DC. 154p.
Rouphael Y., Franken P., Schneider C., Schwarz D., Giovannetti M., Agnolucci M., De Pascale S., Bonini P., and Colla G. 2015. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi act as biostimulants in horticultural crops. Scientia Horticulturae, 196: 91–108
Schmidt H.P., Kammann C., Niggli C., Evangelou M.W., Mackie K.A., and Abiven S. 2014. Biochar and biochar-compost as soil amendments to a vineyard soil: Influences on plant growth, nutrient uptake, plant health and grape quality. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 191: 117-123.
Sharifi M., Mohtashamian M., Riyahi H., Aghaiy A., and Alavii S.M. 2010. The Effects of the Vesicular-Arbascular Mychorrizal (VAM) Fungus Glumos etunicatum on growth and some physiological parameters of Basil. Journal of Medicinal Plants, 38: 85-94. (In Persian)
Shirmardi M., Savaghebi G.R., Khavazi K., Akbarzadeh A., Farahbakhsh M., Rejali F., Sadat A. 2010. Effect of microbial inoculants on uptake of nutrient elements in two cultivars of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in saline soils. Notulae Scientia Biologicae, 2: 57–66.
Sinclair K., Slavich P., van Zwieten L., and Downie A. 2008. Productivity and nutrient availability on a Ferrosol: biochar, lime and fertiliser. In: Proceedings of14th Australian Agronomy Conference, 21-25 Sep., Adelaide, South Australia, pp. 119-122.
Singh B., Singh B.P., and Cowie A.L. 2010. Characterisation and evaluation of biochars for their application as a soil amendment. Soil Research, 48: 516-525.
Smith S.E., and Gianinazzi P. 1988. Physiological interaction between symbionts in VA-mycorrhizal plants. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 39: 221–224.
Song W., and Guo, M. 2012. Quality variations of poultry litter biochar generated at different pyrolysis temperatures. Journal of analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 94: 138-145.
Stark C., Condron L.M., Stewart A., Di H.J., and Ocallaghan M. 2007. Influence of organic and mineralamendments on microbial soil properties and processes. Applied Soil Ecology, 35: 79-93.
Tate R.L. 2000. Soil Microbiology. John Wily and Sons. New York, USA. 508p.
Vaccari F., Baronti S., Lugato E., Genesio L., Castaldi S., Fornasier F., and Miglietta F. 2011. Biochar as a strategy to sequester carbon and increase yield in durum wheat. European Journal of Agronomy, 34: 231-238.
Van Zwieten L., Kimber S., Morris S., Chan K.Y., Downie A., Rust J., Joseph S., and Cowie A. 2010. Effects of biochar from slow pyrolysis of papermill waste on agronomic performance and soil fertility. Plant and Soil, 327: 235–246.
Vessey J.K. 2003. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria as biofertilizers. Plant Soil, 255: 571–586.
Walkley A., and Black I.A. 1934. An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science, 37: 29-38.
Watanabe F.S., and Olsen S.R. 1965. Test of an ascorbic acid method for determining phosphorus in water and NaHCO3 extracts from soil. Soil Science Society of America, Proceedings, 29: 677-678.
Winsley P. 2007. Biochar and bioenergy production for climate change mitigation. New Zealand Science Review, 64: 5-10.
Zainul A., Hans-Werner K., Bernhard H., Bilquees G., and Ajmal K.M. 2017. Impact of a Biochar or a Compost-Biochar Mixture on Water relation, Nutrient uptake and Photosynthesis of Phragmites karka. Pedosphere, from https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0160(17)60362-X.
Zhang L., Sun X.Y., Tian Y., and Gong X.Q. 2013. Effects of brown sugar and calcium superphosphate on the secondary fermentation of green waste. Bioresource Technology, 131: 68–75.