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تأثیر مصرف کاه و کلش گندم بر خصوصیات جریان در نوارهای کشت گندم در شرایط دیم

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار گروه خاکشناسی دانشگاه زنجان

2 گروه خاکشناسسی دانشگاه زنجان

3 گروه خاکشناسی دانشگاه زنجان

چکیده

عملکرد گندم در کشت دیم در مناطق ‌نیمه­خشک تحت تأثیر کمبود رطوبت ناشی از کاهش بارندگی و همچنین هدررفت آب و خاک ناشی از فرسایش آبی می­باشد. اطلاعات محدودی در زمینه روش­های کاهش تولید جریان آب در کشت دیم وجود دارد. پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی تأثیر افزودنی کاه و کلش گندم در سطح خاک بر خصوصیات جریان در نوارهای کشت گندم دیم در منطقه­ای نیمه­خشک در زنجان انجام گرفت. پنج سطح کاه و کلش گندم (صفر، 25، 50، 75 و 100 درصد پوشش سطح به ترتیب معادل صفر، 5/1، 3، 5/4 و 6 تن در هکتار) در سه تکرار در قالب طرح بلوک­های کامل تصادفی مصرف شد. در مجموع 15 کرت به ابعاد 2 متر در 5 متر در کشتزار احداث شد و خصوصیات جریان شامل زمان آغاز، سرعت، تنش برشی، قدرت، شعاع هیدرولیکی و حجم جریان در شیارها تحت جریانی با دبی 2 لیتر بر دقیقه بررسی شد. ویژگی­های خاک (ظرفیت نگهداری و سرعت نفوذ) و خصوصیات جریان (زمان آغاز، شعاع هیدرولیکی، سرعت، تنش و قدرت) به شدت تحت مصرف کاه و کلش قرار گرفتند (01/0p <). با مصرف کاه و کلش، ظرفیت نگهداری آب و نفوذپذیری خاک بهبود یافتند و سرعت، تنش برشی، شعاع هیدرولیکی، قدرت و حجم جریان به شدت کاهش یافت. در تیمار 100 درصد کاه و کلش، ظرفیت نگهداری آب (6/15 درصد) و سرعت نفوذ (1/12 سانتی­متر بر ساعت) نسبت به شاهد به ترتیب 74 درصد و 4/2 برابر افزایش و حجم جریان 7/3 برابر کاهش یافت. در تیمار 75 درصد نسبت به تیمار 100 درصد، تفاوتی معنی­دار از نظر بهبود ویژگی­های خاک و مهار ویژگی­های جریان مشاهده نشد. از این رو مصرف 75 درصد کاه و کلش (معادل با 5/4 تن درهکتار)، برای بهبود ویژگی­های فیزیکی خاک و مهار جریان آب در نوارهای کشت گندم دیم مؤثر است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of Wheat Straw Mulch on Flow Characteristics in Wheat Furrows under Rainfed Condition

نویسندگان [English]

  • Ali Reza Vaezi 1
  • Samira Rezaeipour 2
  • Oldouz Bakhshi 3

1 Associate Professor of Soil Science, Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan

2 Soil Sci. Dept, Univ. of Zanjan

3 Soil Sci. Dept., Univ. of Zanjan

چکیده [English]

Wheat grain yield in semi-arid regions is negatively affected by water deficit resulted by low precipitation and soil and water loss caused by water erosion. Limited information is available on methods of controlling runoff in rainfed furrows. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate the effects of different levels of wheat straw mulch on flow characteristics in a semi-arid region in west of Zanjan. Five levels of wheat straw mulch including 0, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of land surface cover (equal to 0.1.5, 3, 4.5 and 6 ton per hectare) were applied using the randomized complete block design at three replications in a rainfed wheat land. Totally, fifteen, 2m×5m. plots were installed in the field and flow characteristics including the starting time, velocity, shear stress, power and hydraulic radius were determined using a constant flow rate of 2 lit min-1. Based on the results, soil properties and flow characteristics were strongly affected by straw mulch level (p < 0.01). Soil properties (field capacity and infiltration rate) improved by application of straw mulch. Straw mulch also  decreased flow velocity, shear stress, hydraulic radius and runoff volume in the furrows. At the 100% wheat straw mulch level, field capacity (15.6%) and infiltration rate (12.1 cm h-1) increased 74% and 2.4 times in comparison with the control treatment. The runoff volume was 3.7 times less than the control treatment in this level of straw mulch. No significant difference was found between 75% and 100% straw mulch level in improving soil properties and controlling flow characteristics.  This study indicated that application of 75% straw mulch level equal to 4.5 ton per hectare is an effective level to improve soil properties and decrease flow velocity in wheat furrows under rainfed condition. 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Field capacity
  • Flow characteristics
  • Infiltration rate
  • Soil resistance
  • Surface roughness
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تحقیقات کاربردی خاک
دوره 8، شماره 4 - شماره پیاپی 4
اسفند 1399
صفحه 14-27
فایل ها
سابقه مقاله
  • تاریخ دریافت: 07 بهمن 1397
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 20 دی 1399
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 06 بهمن 1398
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