تهیه‌ نقشه فرسایندگی باران در استان آذربایجان غربی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه مرتع و آبخیزداری دانشگاه ارومیه

2 هیات علمی دانشگاه ارومیه

3 عضو هیئت علمی

چکیده

تاکنون شاخص­های مختلفی برای فرسایندگی باران ارائه‌شده‌اند که از میان آن­ها شاخص (EI30) R در مدل USLE از مقبولیت بیشتری برخوردار است. این پژوهش با هدف تعیین شاخص فرسایندگی باران (EI30) در استان آذربایجان غربی انجام گرفت. به‌منظور برآورد شاخص یادشده از تحلیل رگرسیونی بین این شاخص و برخی از شاخص­های زودیافت در 13 ایستگاه مجهز به باران‌نگار استفاده شد. شاخص EI30 بیش‌ترین همبستگی را با شاخص فورنیه اصلاح‌شده کلی ) 9/0R2 =) نشان داد. سپس مقدار شاخص EI30 برای 66 ایستگاه باران‌سنجی با طول دوره­ آماری مشترک 20 سال (2012 – 1993) محاسبه شد. نتایج نشان داد که تغییرات شاخص EI30 در استان بسیار زیاد بوده و در دامنه­ ۵۴/۶۲ تا ۰۵/۲۳۰ مگاژول میلی­متر در هکتار در ساعت در سال قرار دارد. حداکثر فرسایندگی در جنوب غربی استان و حداقل آن در مناطق شمالی و شرق استان مشاهده شد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Rainfall Erosivity Mapping for West Azerbaijan Province

نویسندگان [English]

  • tara shahhosein 1
  • Habib Nazarnejad 2
  • farrokh Asadzadeh 3
1 Department of Range and Watershed Management, Urmia University
2 Urmia University
3 Department of Soil Science, Urmia University
چکیده [English]

So far, various indices have been proposed for rainfall erosivity, among which (EI30) R in the USLE model is more acceptable. The aim of this study was to determine the rain erosivity index (EI30) in West Azerbaijan province. In order to estimate the mentioned index, regression analysis between this index and some premature indices was used in 13 stations equipped with rain gauge. The EI30 index has the highest correlation with the overall corrected Fournier index (R2 = 0.9). Then, the EI30 index was calculated for 66 paranormal stations with a common statistical period of 20 years (1993-2012). The results showed that the changes in the EI30 index in the province are very high and are in the range of 62.54-230.05 mega Joule millimeters per hectare per hour per year. The highest erosivity was observed in the southwest of the province and the lowest in the northern and eastern regions of the province.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • EI30 Index
  • Fournier index
  • Rainfall Kinetic energy
  • Rain erosivity
Ahmadi H., Javadi M.R., and Salavati A. 2015. Zonation of rainfall erosivity strength; using Fournier method and some interpolation techniques (a case study of Ghazvin province). Journal of Natural Ecosystems of Iran, 5(2):1-14. (In Persian)
Angima S.D., Stott D.E., O’neill M.K., Ong C.K., and Weesies G.A. 2003. Soil erosion predicting using RUSLE for central Kenyan highland conditions. Agriculture. Ecosystems and environment, 97(1-3): 295-308.
Arnoldus H.M.J. 1977. Methodology used to determine the maximum potential average annual soil loss due to sheet and rill erosion in Morocco. FAO Soils Bulletin, 34: 39–51.
Arnoldus H.M.J. 1980. An approximation of the rainfall factor in the Universal Soil Loss Equation. An approximation of the rainfall factor in the Universal Soil Loss Equation, 127-132.
Aronica G., and Ferro V. 1997. Rainfall erosivity over the Calabrian region. Hydrological sciences Journal, 42(1): 35-48.
Auzet A.V., Boiffin J., and Ludwig B. 1995. Concentrated flow erosion in cultivated catchments: influence of soil surface state. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 20(8): 759-767.
Brunner A.C., Park S.J., Ruecker G.R., Dikau R., and Vlek P.L.G. 2004. Catenary soil development influencing erosion susceptibility along a hillslope in Uganda. Catena, 58(1): 1-22.
Cambardella C.A., Moorman T.B., Parkin T.B., Karlen D.L., Novak J.M., Turco R.F., and Konopka A.E. 1994. Field-scale variability of soil properties in central Iowa soils. Soil science society of America journal, 58(5):1501-1511.
Capolongo D., Diodato N., Mannaerts C., Piccarreta M., and Strobl R.O. 2008. Analyzing temporal changes in climate erosivity using a simplified rainfall erosivity model in Basilicata (southern Italy). Journal of Hydrology, 356(1-2): 119– 130.
Ferro V., Giordano G., and Iovino M. 1991. Isoerosivity and erosion risk map for Sicily. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 36(6): 549-564.
Fournier F. 1956. The effect of climatic factors on soil erosion: Estimates of solids transported in suspension in runoff. International Association of Hydrological Sciences, Public 38.
Ghahremannejad E., Nazarnejad H., and Miryaghubzadeh M.H. 2018. Effect of different land- use management scenarios on soil erosion using USLE model in KalaybarChay watershed. Journal of water and soil resources conservation, 7(2): 91-104. (In Persian)
Gu Z., Feng D., Duan X., Gong K., Li Y., and Yue T. 2020. Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Rainfall Erosivity in the Tibetan Plateau. Water, 12, 200.
Guesri M., Megnounif A., and Nekkache Ghenim A. 2020. Rainfall erosivity and sediment yield in Northeast Algeria: K’sob watershed case study. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 13:1-11.
Hadley R.F., Lal R., Onstand C.A., Walling D.E., and Yair A. 1985. Recent developments in erosion and sediment yield studies. Paris. International Hydrological Programme, UNESCO.
Hakimkhani Sh., and Hakimkhani I. 2011.Rainfall erosivity mapping for Lorestan province. Watershed Management Research Journal (Pajouhesh & Sazandegi), 89: 62-72. (In Persian)
Hanel M., Máca P., Basta P., Vlnas R., and Pech P. 2016. The rainfall erosivity factor in the Czech Republic and its uncertainty. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 20(10): 4307-4322.
Hudson N. 1995. Soil Conservation (3rd Edition). Iowa State University Press, 391p.
Hussein M.H. 1986. Rainfall erosivity in Iraq. Journal of soil and water conservation, 41(5): 336-338.
Kavian A., Jafarian Z., Jahanshahi A., and Golshan M. 2016. Rainfall Erosivity Mapping in Kerman Province based on Geostatistical Methods. Physical Geography Research Quarterly, 48(1): 51-68. (In Persian)
Khorsandi N., Mahdian M.H.  Pazira E., and Nikkami D. 2011. Determination of Suitable Rainfall Erosivity Indices for Semi-Arid and Very Humid Climates of Khazar Watershed. Journal of Water and Soil Sciences, 15)56) :117-126. (In Persian)
Krasa J., Dostal T., and Vrana K. 2007. Rain erosivity distribution in the Czech Republic. In Geophysical Research Abstracts, 9: 05270, European Geosciences Union.
Lal R. 1976. Soil erosion on Alfisols in Western Nigeria: III. Effects of rainfall characteristics. Geoderma, 16(5): 389-401.
Lal R., and Elliot W. 1994. Erodibility and erosivity. In: Lal, R. (ed.), Soil erosion research methods (Second edition), Soil and Water Conservation Society, Ankeny, 181-208.
Mikhailova E.A., Bryant R.B., Schwager S.J., and Smith S.D. 1997. Predicting rainfall erosivity in Honduras. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 61(1): 273-279.
Morgan R.P.C. 1995. Soil Erosion and Conservation. Addison Wesley, London: 198 p.
Morgan R.P.C. 2005. Soil Erosion and Conservation (3rd edition). Blackwell Publishing, 304 p.
Nazarnejad H., Shahhosein T., and Asadzadeh F. 2018. Spatiotemporal Variation of the Rainfall Erosivity in West Azerbaijan Province. Geography and sustainability of environment, 27:89-99 (In Persian)
Nikkami D., and Mahdian M.H. 2015. Rainfall erosivity mapping in Iran. Watershed Engineering and Management, 6(4):364-376. (In Persian)
Ogedengbe K., Adesina A.O., and Alabi R.T. 2008. Estimation of the R-factor of universal soil loss equation using monthly rainfall amount for Nigeria. Journal of World association of Soil and Water Conservation, 3: 20-26.
Onchev N.G. 1984. Universal index for calculating rainfall erosivity in soil erosion and conservation (Sofia, Bulgaria). Soil Science and Agrochemical, 9(2): 424-431.
Panagos P., Ballabio C., Borrelli P., Meusburger K., Klik A., Rousseva S., Tadic M.P., Michaelides S., Hrabalikova M., Olsen P., Atalto J., Lakatos M., Rymszewicz A., Dumitrescu A., Begueria S., and Alewell C. 2015. Rainfall erosivity in Europe. Science of the Total Environment, 511: 801-814.
Renard K.G., and Freimund J.R. 1994. Using monthly precipitation data to estimate the R-factor in the revised USLE. Journal of Hydrology, 157: 287–306.
Sadeghi S.H.R., Moatamednia M., and Behzadfar M. 2011. Spatial and temporal variations in the rainfall erosivity factor in Iran. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 13:451-64. (In Persian)
Sadeghi S.H., and Tavangar S. 2015. Development of stational models for estimation of rainfall erosivity factor in different timescales. Natural Hazards, 77(1): 429-443.
Salles C., and Poese J. 2000. Rain properties controlling soil splash detachment. Hydrological Processes, 14(2): 271-282.
Sanchez-Moreno J.F., Mannaerts C.M., and Jetten V. 2014. Rainfall erosivity mapping for Santiago Island, Cape Verde. Geoderma, 217-218, 74-82.
Sepaskhah A.R. 1994. Estimation of rain erosivity indices in Iran. 4th Iranian Soil Science Congress, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan. (In Persian)
Shamshad A., Azhari M.N., Isa M.A., Hussin W.W., and Parida B.P. 2008. Development of an appropriate procedure for estimation of RUSLE EI30 index and preparation of erosivity maps for Pulau Penang in Peninsular Malaysia. Catena, 72(3): 423-432.
Silva, A.M. 2004. Rainfall erosivity map for Brazil. Catena, 57(3): 251–259.
Ufoegbune G.C., Bello N.J., Ojekunle Z.O., Orunkoye A.R., Eruola A.O., and Amori A.A. 2011. Rainfall erosivity pattern of Ogun River basin area (Nigeria) using modified Fournier index. European Water, 35, 23-29.
Van Dijk A.I.J.M., Bruijnzeel L.A., and Rosewell C.J. 2002. Rainfall intensity–kinetic energy relationships: a critical literature appraisal. Journal of Hydrology, 261(1-4), 1-23.
Wischmeier W.H., and Smith D.D. 1978. Predicting rainfall losses: a guide to conservation planning. Agriculture Handbook, No.537, US Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC.
Yu B. 1998. Rainfall erosivity and its estimation for Australia's tropics. Soil Research, 36(1): 143-166.
Yu B., and Rosewell C.J. 1996. An assessment of a daily rainfall erosivity model for New South Wales. Soil Research, 34(1), 139-152.
Zare S., Soltani Gerdefaramarzi S., and Tazeh M. 2019. Comparison of geostatistical methods in the zoning of erosivity index (Case study: Fars province). Geography & Programming, 23(68): 157.177. (In Persian)