ارزیابی برخی صفات کمی و کیفی گندم آبی(Triticum aestivum L.) تحت تأثیر روش‌های مختلف مدیریت حاصلخیزی خاک

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 بخش تحقیقات خاک و آب، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی آذربایجان غربی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج

2 مدیریت هماهنگی ترویج، سازمان جهاد کشاورزی آذربایجان غربی، ارومیه، ایران

چکیده

مصرف نامتعادل کود، یکی از مهم‌ترین مشکلات مزارع تحت کشت گندم در کشور است. هدف این پروژه، ارزیابی تأثیر مدیریت حاصلخیزی خاک بر مبنای اصول تغذیه گیاه و مقایسه آن با روش­های مرسوم کشاورزان در گندم آبی بود. آزمایش در سه مزرعه گندم (فقی­بیگلو، طالب‌آباد و حسن‌آباد) استان آذربایجان غربی در سال زراعی 94-1393 اجرا شد. تیمارهای آزمایش شامل (1) شاهد: عرف زارع و (2) مصرف بهینه کود بودند. مدیریت تغذیه گندم در تیمار(1) بر مبنای تجربیات زارعین گندم و در تیمار(2) بر مبنای ارزیابی وضعیت حاصلخیزی خاک بر مبنای آزمون خاک و آخرین دستاوردهای علمی بود. نتایج نشان داد که تفاوت معناداری از نظر عملکرد دانه بین دو تیمار وجود داشت (p<0.05). متوسط عملکرد دانه گندم در تیمارهای عرف زارع و مصرف بهینه کود به ترتیب برابر 5601 و 6667 کیلوگرم در هکتار بود. با مصرف بهینه کود، میزان عملکرد دانه 96/18 درصد بهبود یافت. وزن کلش نیز با مصرف بهینه کود افزایش یافت (p<0.05). مقدار این افزایش در فقی­بیگلو، طالب‌آباد و حسن‌آباد به ترتیب معادل 58/17، 30/12 و 67/7 درصد بود. به‌جز فقی­بیگلو، شاخص برداشت محصول با مصرف بهینه کود افزایش و این افزایش نسبت به عرف زارع در طالب‌آباد و حسن‌آباد به ترتیب 21/9 و 06/4 درصد بود. مقدار پروتئین دانه در تیمار عرف زارع برابر 79/11 درصد بدست آمد. مصرف بهینه کود میزان پروتئین دانه را به‌طور معناداری (58/15 درصد) افزایش داد. در تیمار عرف زارع، نسبت­ مولی اسید فیتیک به روی در دانه گندم در محدوده 45 تا 75 بود. با مصرف بهینه کود، این نسبت به‌طور معناداری به کمتر از 25 (حد مطلوب) کاهش یافت. به‌طورکلی، نتیجه­گیری می­شود که مدیریت حاصلخیزی خاک بر مبنای اصول تغذیه گیاه، سهل­الوصول­ترین راهکار برای دستیابی به عملکردهای بهینه محصول و بهبود کیفیت دانه گندم است.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Assessment of some Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics of Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Affected by Different Methods of Soil Fertility Management

نویسندگان [English]

  • Aziz Majidi 1
  • Roghieh Abdolazimzada 2
1 Soil and Water Research Department, West Azerbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Urmia, Iran
2 Extension Coordination Management, West Azerbaijan Agricultural Organization, Urmia, Iran
چکیده [English]

Imbalanced fertilization is one of the most important problems of wheat production in Iran. This project aimed to assess the effects of soil fertility management based on plant nutrition principles and compare it with farmer's conventional methods in wheat fertilization. The experiment was carried out in three wheat fields (Faghi-Bigloo, Talebabad, and Hassan-Ahabad) located in West Azerbaijan province, during the 2014-2015 growing season. Experimental treatments included farmer's conventional (FCA) and optimum fertilization (OFA) approaches. Management of wheat nutrition for FCA treatment was based on the experiences of wheat growers and for OFA treatment based on the assessment of the field's soil fertility status, using soil test and the latest scientific achievements. The results indicated that there was a significant difference in grain yield characteristics between FCA and OFA treatments (p<0.05). The average grain yield for FCA and OFA was 5601 and 6667 kg ha-1, respectively. With OFA, grain yield improved by 18.96%. The current approach also increased straw weight by 17.58, 12.30, and 7.67% in Faghi-Bigloo, Talebabad, and Hassan-Ahabad, respectively. These values were significant (p<0.05). Moreover, OFA improved the harvest index in experimented fields, except for Faghi-Bigloo. These values were equal to 9.21% and 4.06% for Talebabad and Hassan-Ahabad, respectively. The grain protein content for FCA obtained 11.79%. OFA enhanced it by 15.58% (p<0.05). Additionally, for FCA, the molar ratio of phytic acid to zinc in the grains was in the range of 45-75. With OFA, this ratio was significantly reduced to less than 25 (optimum limit). Generally, it is concluded that soil fertility management based on the principles of plant nutrition is the most accessible solution to achieve optimum crop yields and improve the quality of wheat grains.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Balanced nutrition
  • Harvest index
  • Grain yield
  • Wheat grain enrichment
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