اثر پاکلوبوترازول و کلسیم در افزایش تحمل به سرمازدگی دانهال‌ها و درختان پسته

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه مهندسی علوم خاک دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه ولی عصر رفسنجان

2 گروه علوم خاک دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه ولی عصر (عج)رفسنجان- رفسنجان- ایران

چکیده

به منظور ارزیابی اثر پاکلوبوترازول، کلسیم و دما بر مقاومت به سرمازدگی دانهال­های پسته (رقم اکبری)، آزمایشی در شرایط گلخانه و باغی در قالب طرح کاملأ تصادفی به صورت فاکتوریل با سه تکرار انجام شد. تیمارها شامل پاکلوبوترازول (0، 75 و 150 میلی­گرم بر لیتر)، کلسیم (0، 3 و 6 گرم بر لیتر از منبع کلات کلسیم) و دما (0، 2- و 4- در گلخانه و 0، 2- و 4+ درجه سلسیوس در باغ) بودند. نتایج نشان داد که با کاهش دما کلروفیل کل و کاروتنوئید کاهش یافت، ولی مصرف توأمان پاکلوبوترازول و کلسیم مقدار این پارامترها را نسبت به شاهد افزایش داد. هم­چنین با کاهش دما میزان نشت یونی افزایش پیدا کرد در حالی که کاربرد پاکلوبوترازول و کلسیم میزان این پارامتر را نسبت به دانهال­های شاهد کاهش داد. اندازه­گیری پارامترهای تنظیم کننده­ اسمزی نشان داد، با کاهش دما غلظت نشاسته و پروتئین محلول در برگ کاهش یافت. لیکن با مصرف توأمان تیمارهای پاکلوبوترازول (150 میلی‏گرم بر لیتر) و کلسیم (6 گرم بر لیتر) در دمای 4- درجه سلسیوس، غلظت پرولین، فنل کل،  قندهای محلول، نشاسته و پروتئین محلول به ترتیب112، 28، 20، 80 و 196 درصد نسب به شاهد افزایش یافت نتایج آزمایش باغی نیز نشان داد که با کاهش دما میزان نشت یونی در میوه­های شاهد افزایش یافت. کاربرد تیمارهای پاکلوبوترازول و کلسیم سبب کاهش نشت یونی گردید، به گونه­ای که کم­ترین درصد نشت یونی در دمای4+، صفر و 2- درجه سلسیوس زمانی مشاهده گردید که پاکلوبوترازول و کلسیم به صورت توأمان و در بالاترین سطوح استفاده شد و میزان نشت یونی به ترتیب 27، 12 و 38 درصد نسبت به میوه­های شاهد کاهش یافت. چنین استنباط می­شود که کاربرد توامان کلسیم و پاکلوبوترازول می‏تواند خسارت ناشی از سرمازدگی را در دانهال ها و درختان پسته کاهش دهد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of paclobutrazol and calcium on increasing of chilling tolerance of pistachio seedlings and trees

نویسندگان [English]

  • vahid mozafari 1
  • Zohre Jafari 2
1 Department of Soil Science Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-E-Asr University of Rafsanjan Rafsanjan, Iran.
2 Department of Soil Science Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-E-Asr University of Rafsanjan Rafsanjan, Iran.
چکیده [English]

To investigate the effects of paclobutrazol, calcium (Ca), and temperature treatment (cold) on resistance to chilling of pistachios seedlings (Akbari cultivar), a factorial greenhouse experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with three replications. The treatments included paclobutrazol (0, 75, and 150 mg.-1), Ca (0, 3, and 6 g.l-1 of calcium chelate source) and temperature (0,-2, and -4 in the greenhouse and 0, -2, and +4 °C in the garden). The results showed that with decreasing temperature, total chlorophyll, carotenoids decreased, but the combined use of paclobutrazol and Ca increased the amount of these parameters compared to the control. Also, with decreasing temperature, the amount of electrolyte leakage increased, while using of paclobutrazol and Ca reduced the amount of this parameter compared to control seedlings. Measurement of osmotic regulatory parameters showed that the concentration of starch and soluble protein in leaves decreased with decreasing temperature. However, with the combined use of paclobutrazol (150 mg.l-1) and Ca (6 g.l-1) at -4 ° C, the concentration of proline, total phenol, soluble sugars, starch and soluble protein were increased compared to the control by 112, 28, 20, 80, and 196% respectively. The results of the garden experiment also showed that with decreasing temperature, the amount of ion leakage, in the control fruits increased. Application of paclobutrazol and Ca treatments reduced electrolyte leakage, so that the lowest percentage of electrolyte leakage was observed at -4, 0, and -2 °C when paclobutrazol and Ca were used simultaneously and at the highest levels and the electrolyte leakage rate decreased by 27, 12, and 38% compared to control fruits, respectively. Finally, the results of this study showed that the combined use of Ca and paclobutrazol can reduce the damage caused by chilling in seedlings and pistachio trees.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Chorophyll a
  • Cartonoids
  • electrolyte leakage
  • Porolin
  • Soluble sugars
Afshari H., Zahedi R., Parvaneh T., and Zadehbagheri M. 2014. Effect of salicylic acid on the proline, soluble sugars and ion leakage in two apricot cultivars under cold stress. Journal of Agriculture,16 (1): 127-138.(In Persian)
Akca Y., and Sen S. M. 2001.  A study on the genetic variability and selection of superior walnut (Juglans regia L.) trees withing seedling population of around of van lake. Journal of Acta Horticulturae, 544.
Ameglio T., Alves G., Decurteix M., Poirer M., Bonhome M., Guiliot A., and Sake S. 2006. Winter biology in walnut tree: Freezing tolerance by cold acclimation and embolism repair. Journal of Acta Horticulturae, 241-250.
Asl­ Moshtaghi E., Shahsavar A. R., and Taslimpour M. R. 2009. Ionic leakage as indicators of cold hardiness in Olive (Olea europaea L.). Journal of World Applied Sciences, 7 (10): 1308-1310.
Bradford K.J, and Hsiao T.C. 1982. Physiologcal respose to moderate stress, Springer, 263-324.
Bradford M. M. 1976. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein- dye binding. Journal of Anlytical Biochemistry, 72: 248-254.
Coleman W. K., Estabrooks E. N., Embleton J., and King R. R. 1992. Seasonal changes in cold hardiness, sucrose and sorbitol in apple trees treated with paclobutrazol. Journal of Plant Growth Regolutor, 67: 429-435.
Colom M. R., and Vazzana C. 2001. Drought stress effects on three cultivars of Eragrostis curvula: photosynthesis and water relations. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 34: 195-202.
Colombo S. J. 1994. Timing of cold temperature exposure affects root and shoot frost hardiness of apple seedling.Journal of Scandinavian Research, 9: 52-59.
Ferguson IB. 1984. Calcium in plant senescence and fruit ripening. Journal of Plant Cell and Environment, 7:477-489.
Fletcher, R., Gilley, A., Davis, T. and Sankhla, N. 2000. Triazoles as plant growth regulators and stress protectants. Journal of Horticulture Reviwe, 24: 55-138.
Ghasemi Soluklui A. A., Ershadi A., Tabatabae z., and Fallahi E. 2014 Paclobutrazol-Induced biochemical changes in pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) cv. ‘Malas Saveh’ under freezing stress. Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology, 2:181-190.
Irigoyen J., Einerich D., and Sanchez-Diaz M. 1992. Water stress induced changes in concentrations of proline and total soluble sugars in nodulated alfalfa plants.Journal of Physiologia Plantarum, 84: 55-60.
Isfendiyaroglu M., and Zeker E. 2002. The relation between phenolic compound and seed dormancy in Pistacia spp. In AKB. E. (Ed). 11 Grema Serr Pistachios and Almond. Chieres optins Mediterraneens, pp: 232-277.
Kafi M., and Mahdavi Damghani A. 2002. Mechanisms of Environmental Stress Resistance in Plant (Translated). Published by Ferdowsi University Mashhad. Mashhad, 472p.(In Persian)
Keshavarz H., and Modarres Sanavy S.A.M. 2015. Effect of salicylic acid on chlorophyll, some growth characteristics and yield of two canola varieties. Journal of Crop Production,7(4): 167-178.(In Persian)
Khanizadeh S., Buszard D., Fanous M. A., and Zarkadas C. G.1989. Effect of crop load on seasonal variation in chemical composition and spring frost hardiness of apple flower buds. Journal of Plant Science, 69: 1277-1284.
Levit J. 1980. Response of plant to environment stresses chilling, freezing, and high temperature stresses. Academic press: 497p
Lutts S., Kinet J., and Bouharmont J. 1996. NaCl-induced senescence in leaves of rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars differing in salinity resistance.Journal of Annals of Botany, 78: 389-398.
Mahajan S., and Tutejan N. 2005. Cold, salinity and drought stresses: An overview. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 444: 139-158.
Mahmut Sinan T., Rahmi D., and Guleray A. 2009. Determination of effects of some plant growth regulators (PGPRS) on changes of some isoenzymes in bean at chilling temperatures: in gel enzyme assays. Journal of Biotechnological Letters, 14(6): 4858-4869.
Marschner H. 1995. Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants. 2nd Ed. Academic Press, London, 889p
Mckellar M. A., Buchanan D. W., Ingram D. L., and Cambell C. W. 1992. Freezing tolerance of avocado leaves. Journal of Horticulture Science, 27: 341-343.
Moradi S., Baninasab B., Gholami M., and Ghobadi C. 2017. Paclobutrazol application enhances antioxidant enzyme activities in pomegranate plants affected by cold stress. Journal of Horticutlurae Science and Biotechnology, 92:65-71.
Mozafari V., and Yazdanpanah M. 2020. Effect of Salicylic Acid and Calcium on Chilling Resistance of Pistachios Seedlings, cv. Kaleghochi. Applied Soil Research,7(4): 47-61. (In Persian (
Pakkish Z., Rahemi M., and Baghizadeh A. 2009. Seasonal changes of peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase enzyme activity and phenol content during and after rest in pistachio (pistacia vera L.) flower buds. Journal of World App Science, 6; 1193-119.
Paquin R. and Lechasserur P. 1979. Observations sur une method de dosage de la proline liber dans les extraits de plantes. Journal of Botany, 57:1851-1854.
Porra R. J. 2002. The chequered history of the development and use of simultaneousequations for the accurate determination of chlorophyIIs a and b. Photosynthesis Research, 73: 149-156.
Pourrajabi Nejad M.H. 2012. Effects of BA and water stress in winter on nut qualitative and quantitative traits and spring frosthardening of pistachio cv. Kaleh-Ghoochi.Horticulture Department, Agriculture College, Vali-e-Asr University, Rafsanjan, Iran. 145p. (In Persian)
Ramin A. A. 2009. Improving germination performance and chilling tolerance in cucumber with paclobutrazol. Journal of vegetable science.15:173-184
Ranney T. G., Bassuk N. L., and Whitlow T. H. 1991. Osmotic adjustment and solute contituents in leaves and roots of water-stressed cherry (prunus) trees. Journal of American Society for Horticultural Science, 116: 684-688.
Sene M., Thevenot C., and Prioul J.L. 1997. Simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of amylose and amylopectin in starch from maize kernel by multi-wavelength analysis. Journal on Cereal Science, 26: 211-221.
Srivastav M., Kishor A., Anil D., and Sharma R. R. 2010. Effect of paclobutrazol and salinity onion leakage, proline content and activities of antioxidant enzymes in Mango. Journal of Horticulture Scientia, 125:785-788.
Tafazoli E. A., and Beyl C. 1993. Changes in endogenous abscisic acid and cold hardiness in Actinidia treated with triazol growth retardants. Journal of Plant Growth Regloutor, 12: 79-83.
Waraich, E. A., Ahmad, R., Halim, A. and Aziz, T. 2012. Temperature stress by nutrient management in crop plant: a review. Journal of Soil Science Plant Nutrition, 12(2): 221-244.
Westwood M.N. 1993. Temprature zone pomology. Cold resistance and acclimation in woody plants. Horticulture Science, 5:403-408.
Xavier M., and Ameglio, T. 2007. Variation in cold hardiness and carbohydrate concentration from dormancy induction to bud bud burst among provenances of three European oak species. Journal of Tree Physiology, 27; 817-825.
Zhang Y., and Dami I.E. 2012. Foliar application of abscisic acid increases freezing tolerance of field-grown visits vinifera cabernet franc grapevines. Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 63: 377-384