کاربرد نفوذسنج گلف در ارزیابی هدایت هیدرولیکی خاک‏های شور و دارای مواد آلی (مطالعه موردی بستر دریاچه ارومیه)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشگاه ازاد اسلامی واحد اراک

2 عضو هیئت علمی

3 دانشکده عمران و محیط زیست، دانشگاه امیرکبیر

چکیده

خشک شدن سطح وسیعی از دریاچه ارومیه چالش زیست محیطی بزرگی برای منطقه و کشور است. بنابراین لزوم شناخت خصوصیات فیزیکی و مکانیکی مصالح بستر دریاچه ارومیه جهت انجام فعالیتهای مهندسی در راستای احیای آن ضروری است. از عمده‌ترین مشکلات مربوط به رسوبات بستر دریاچه، تأثیر درصد بالای مواد آلی با مقاومت برشی کم، غلظت نمک زیاد و حلالیت برخی مواد بر رفتار خاک است. در مقاله حاضر بعد از انجام آزمایش‏های مختلف صحرایی و آزمایشگاهی برای تعیین خصوصیات خاک، آزمایش نفوذسنج گلف مدل 2800KI، تا فاصله یک کیلومتری از عرض دریاچه و در مناطق مختلف دریاچه (منطقه حیدرآباد نقده، منطقه چیچست ارومیه و منطقه پل میان گذر ارومیه به تبریز) انجام شد. در این  سه منطقه از دریاچه، با ایجاد 20 حلقه چاهک به شعاع 4 سانتی متر و عمق 25 تا 30 سانتی متر در فواصل مختلف به ‏صورت زیگزاگ تا طول 1 کیلومتری به سمت داخل دریاچه، هدایت هیدرولیکی با دستگاه نفوذسنج گلف در دو بار آبی 5 و 10 سانتی متر برای هر گمانه با دو بار تکرار اندازه‏گیری شد. نتایج این بررسی نشان داد که هدایت هیدرولیکی برای دو منطقه حیدرآباد نقده و چیچست ارومیه، به­طور میانگین برای خاک‏های لای عمدتاً در نزدیکی ساحل دریاچه 175/0 سانتیمتر بر ساعت و  ماسه لای‏دار 34/5 سانتیمتر بر ساعت و برای منطقه پل میان­گذر ارومیه به تبریز، مقدار هدایت هیدرولیکی بطور میانگین 89/1 سانتیمتر بر ساعت برآورد گردید.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Application of Guelph Permeameter to Evaluate the Hydraulic Conductivity of Saline Soils Contain Organic Matter (Case Study: Lake Urmia)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mehdi Valizadeh Hassanloui 1
  • Hojjat Ahmadi 2
  • S.Hamid Lajavardi 1
  • Hamidreza Saba 3
1 1- Department of Civil Engineering, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran.
2 water enginnering
3 3- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Drying a large area of ​​Lake Urmia is considered a serious environmental challenge for the region and the country. Therefore, the knowledge of the physical and mechanical characteristics of Lake Urmia bed material is necessary to do engineering activities to regenerate it. One of the major problems related to lake bed sediments is the effect of the high percentage of organic matter with low shear strength, high salt concentration, and solubility of some matters on soil behavior. In this article, after performing different field and laboratory tests to determine soil properties, the Guelph penetrometer (2800KI) was tested up to a distance of 1 km from the width of the lake and in different areas of the lake (Hyderabad in Naghadeh, Chichest in ​​Urmia and the ​​Urmia-Tabriz causeway). In these three areas of the lake, by digging 20 wells with a radius of 4 cm and a depth of 25-30 cm at different intervals in a zigzag pattern up to a length of 1 km towards the inside of the lake, hydraulic conductivity was measured using a Guelph permeameter in two hydraulic heads of 5 and 10 cm for each borehole with two replications. The study results showed that the hydraulic conductivity for the two areas of Hyderabad and Chichest of Urmia, on average, for loamy soils, mainly near the shore of the lake, was estimated to be 0.175 cm/h; 5.34 cm/h for layered sand and 1.89 cm/h for the ​​area around Urmia-Tabriz causeway.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Lake Urmia
  • Sediments
  • Hydraulic conductivity
  • Guelph
  • Organic matter
Ahmadi H., Rahimi H., and Abdollahi J. 2009.Optimizing the location of contraction–expansion joints in concrete canal lining. Irrigation and Drainage: The journal of the International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage. 58(1):116-25.
Asadollahzadeh T., Mashal M., and Karimzadgan S. 2014. Investigating the precision of hydraulic conductivity and sportive number estimation in cased boreholes by Reynolds analysis: the case of Pakdasht region. Journal of Soil and Water, 28(4): 708-716. (In Persian)
Asghari Sh., Hatamvand M., Hasanpour Kashani M. 2021. Estimating wet aggregate stability from easily available soil properties in north west of Urmia Lake. Applied Soil Research, 9(2): 102-115. (In Persian)
Darcy J.D., Ward A.D., Fausey N.R.,and Bair E.S. 1990. A comparison of four field methods for measuring saturated hydraulic conductivity. Transaction of ASAE, 33: 1925-1931.
Elrick  D., Reynolds  W., and Tan K. 1989. Hydraulic conductivity measurements in the unsaturated zone using improved well analyses. Groundwater Monitoring and Remediation, 9(3): 184-193. 
Elrick D.E., and Reynolds W.D. 1986. An analysis of the percolation test based on three dimensional saturated-unsaturated flows from a cylindrical test hole. International journal of soil Science, 142(5): 308-321.
Elrick D.E., and Reynolds W.D. 1992. Infiltration from Constant Head Well Permeameters and
Infiltrometers. In: G. C. Topp., W. D. Reynolds and R. E. Green (Eds.) Advances in the Measurement of Soil Physical Properties: Bringing Theory into Practice. Chapter 1. Special Publication No.30. Soil Science Society of America. Madison, WIS, USA.
Elrick D.E., Reynolds W.D., and Tan K.A. 1989. Hydraulic conductivity measurements in the
unsaturated zone using improved well analyses. Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation, R. 9: 184-193.
Gallichand j., Madramooto c.A., Enright P., and Barrington S.F. 1990. An evaluation of the Guelph permametr for measuring saturated hydraulic conductivity. Transaction of the ASAE, 33: 1179-1184.
Goli kalanpa R., Ahmadi H., Goli kalanpa E. 2018. The Effect of Salinity on the Swelling Behavior of Expansive Soils under Wetting and Drying Cycles. Applied Soil Research, 6(1): 85-97 (In Persian)
Gupta R.K., Rudra R.P., Dickinson W.T., Patni N.K. and Wall  G. J. 1993. Comparison of saturated hydraulic conductivity measured by various field methods. Trans. ASAE. 36: 51-55.
Hemmati M., Ahmadi H., Hamidi S.A., and Naderkhanloo V. 2021. Environmental effects ofthe causeway on water and salinity balance in Lake Urmia. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 44: 101756.
Kanvar R.S., Rivi H.A., Ahmed M., Horton R., and Marley S.J. 1989. Measurement of field
Kashkuli H., Mirbehersee H., and Nori-Emamzadehee M. 2001. Using single-depth and Multi-depth analyzes of Guelph permeameter method to determine hydraulic conductivity and α coefficient and comparing them with auger hole method. Journal of Soil Science Association of Iran, Selective papers of 7th Iranian Soil Congress, pp. 82-84. (In Persian)
Lee D.M., Reynolds W.D., Elrick D.E., and Clothier B.E. 1985. A comparison of three field methods for measuring saturated hydraulic conductivity. Soil Science, 65: 563-573.
Luthin JN. 1978. Drainage Engineering R. E. Krieger Publ. Co. Huntington, N. Y. 281 P.
Mohanty B.P., Kanwar R.S., and Horton R. 1991. A robust-resistant approach to interpret the spatial behavior of saturated hydraulic conductivity of a glacial till soil under no-tillage system. Water Resources Research, 27: 2979-2992.
Mohanty B.P., Kanwer R.S., and Everts C.J. 1994. Comparison of saturated hydraulic conductivity measurement methods for a glacial-till. Soil Science Society American Journal, 58: 672-677.
Mola Ali Abasiyan S., Karimpour M., Pirkharrati H., and Asadzadeh F. 2020. Investigation of cadmium adsorption potential by suspended sediments of the Rozeh-Chay River, Urmia region at different ionic strengths. Applied Soil Research, 8(1): 59-67. (In Persian)
Rahimian M.H. 1996. Evaluation and modification of Inver Auger hole and Guelph methods comparing to Auger Hole method for measuring hydraulic conductivity. Research Report. Agricultural Engineering Reserch Institute, NO.49. (In Persian)
Reynolds W.D., Elrick D.E., and Clothier B.E. 1985. The constant head well permeameter Effect on unsaturated flow. Soil Science, 139(2): 172-180.
Reynolds W.D., and Elrick D.E. 1985. In situ measurement of field saturated hydraulic conductivity sorptivity, parameter using Guelph permeameter. Soil Science, 140(4): 292-302.
Reynolds W.D., and Zebchuk W.D. 1996. Hydraulic conductivity in a clay soil: two measurement techniques and spatial characterization. Soil Science Society American Journal, 60: 1679-1685.
Reynolds W., and Elrick D. 1990. Ponded infiltration from a single ring: I. Analysis of steady flow. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 54(5): 1233-1241.
Reynolds W.D., and Elrick D.E. 1986. A method for simultaneous in situ measurement in the vadose zone of field‐saturated hydraulic conductivity, sorptivity and the conductivity‐pressure head relationship. Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation, 6(1): 84-95.
Rostami S., Ahmadi H., and Ag N.  2022. Investigation on the Geotechnical Properties of Lake Urmia Bed Materials: with the Stepped Restoration Perspective. Irrigation and Drainag Structures Engineering journal, 22(85): 27-40.
Schilfgaarde JV (Ed). 1974. Drainage for Agriculture. Agronomy No. 17. Amer. Sor. Agron. Madison. Wis, 700pp.
Shaker Shahmarbeigloo P., Khodaverdiloo H., and Momtaz H.R. 2019. Testing of new inputs to predict nearsaturated soil hydraulic conductivity. Applied Soil Research, 7(1): 54-69. (In Persian)
Soudi M., Ahmadi H., Yasi M. and Hamidi S.A. 2019. Water Balance of Urmia Lake
and Estimation of the Volume of the Losses and Yields in Buffer Zone. In World
Environmental and Water Resources Congress
2019: Hydraulics, Waterways, and Water
Distribution Systems Analysis (166-177).
Stephens D.B., Lamert K. and Watson D. 1987. Regression models for hydraulic conductivity and field test of the borehole permeameter. Water Resource Research, 23: 2207-2214.
Yan X., Cai Z., Wang S., and Smith P.2011. Direct measurement of soil organic carbon content change in the croplands of China. Global Change Biology, 17(3), pp.1487-1496.
Zanger C.N. 1953. Theory and problems of water percolations. Engineering Monograph No. 8, Bur.of Reclamation, U.S. Dep. of Interior, 76 p.