نقشه برداری نیمه تفصیلی سطوح پلایایی غرب دریاچه ارومیه و نقش آنها در تولید ریزگردها

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 پیداش رده بندی و تخمین مکانی

2 گروه علوم خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس

3 گروه علوم خاک، انشکده کشاوزی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس

چکیده

پسروی سواحل دریاچه­ها و در معرض فرسایش بادی قرار گرفتن رسوبات بستر، در نتیجه تغیرات اقلیمی و کاهش بارندگی، پدیده­ای خطرناک در مناطق خشک و نیمه­خشک جهان می­باشد. ریزگردهای ایجاد شده از چنین محیط­هایی، اغلب شور بوده و اثرات زیست­محیطی مخرب متعددی از جمله شور­شدن زمین­های کشاورزی و تشدید جنگل­زدایی را دارند. اهداف پژوهش حاضر عبارت از مطالعه سطوح پلایایی غرب دریاچه ارومیه و بررسی پتانسیل تولید گردوغبار توسط این سطوح بود. بدین منظور تمام اراضی برجای مانده از پسروی دریاچه ارومیه در حاشیه غربی انتخاب گردیدند. با استفاده از تصاویر ماهواره­ای و نرم‌افزار گوگل ارث، سطوح پلایایی مختلف شکل گرفته، جداسازی شده و مرزهای ترسیم شده این سطوح با مرزهای واقعی در صحرا مطابقت داده شدند. سپس 130 نمونه خاک از عمق 0 تا 5 سانتی­متری سطوح مختلف در طول فصل­های بهار و تابستان 1398 برداشته شدند و خصوصیات فیزیکوشیمیایی، میانگین وزنی قطر خاکدانه­ها (MWD) و درصد مواد سست فرسایش‌پذیر (LEM) اندازه­گیری شدند و در نهایت نقشه سطوح پلایایی در نرم‌افزار ArcGIS تهیه گردید. براساس نتایج حاصل از این پژوهش، هفت سطح مختلف پلایایی در منطقه مطالعاتی شناسایی شد که شامل سطوح رسی؛ سطوح رسی-نمکی؛ سطوح نمکی؛ سطوح شنی-نمکی؛ شن­های ساحلی، پهنه­های شنی و فن­دلتا بودند. هرکدام از این سطوح نیز به‌دلیل تفاوت در برخی از خصوصیات مورفولوژیکی، نوع و تراکم پوشش گیاهی، پایداری سله­های سطحی یا خصوصیات فیزیکوشیمیایی، به واحدهای نقشه مختلفی تقسیم شدند. از میان سطوح مطالعه شده، سفره­های شنی که در بخش­های شمالی منطقه مطالعاتی و در مجاورت روستای جبل کندی واقع شده­اند، بالاترین مقدار مواد فرسایش­پذیر (7/89 درصد) را دارا بودند که این مقدار، معادل 8/53 تن در هکتار خاک می­باشد. نتایج مقایسه میانگین خصوصیات خاکی مختلف در بین سطوح پلایایی نشان داد که بالابودن درصد شن، پایین بودن میانگین وزنی قطر خاکدانه­ها که خود تابعی از سایر خصوصیات است و همچنین کم بودن ماده آلی، خاک این مناطق را بسیار حساس به تولید گردوغبار نموده است. در این مناطق، توسعه پوشش­گیاهی و یا کمک به ایجاد سله­های سطحی (فیزیکی، شیمیایی و یا بیولوژیکی)، می­توانند کمک شایانی به کنترل تولید ریزگردها از این سطوح نماید.  

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Semi-Detailed Mapping of the Playa Surfaces in the West of Lake Urmia and their Contribution to Aerosols

نویسندگان [English]

  • nikou Hamzehpour 1
  • Shahabeddin Garmei 2
  • Mostafa Karimian Eghbal 3
1 هیئت علمی
2 soil science department, faculty of agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University
3 soil science department, faculty of agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University
چکیده [English]

The recession of the lake shores, including Lake Urmia (LU), and later exposure of the lake bed sediments to wind erosion, as a consequence of climate change and drought is an increasingly dangerous phenomenon in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. When salt particles remain unconsolidated, and uncovered on soil surface, they can be moved by wind easily, generating salt dust. These fine-grained salt particles cause salinization of agricultural lands, accelerate deforestation leading to health, and economic problems in lives neighboring residents.  The aims of the present research were to study Urmia Lake Playa (ULP) geomorphic surfaces in its western shores, and their vulnerability to dust generation. All lands from Urmia Lake recession from its western shores were selected. Different playa surfaces in the study area were identified and mapped using satellite images and Google Earth software. Then, boundaries of the mapped surfaces were checked by field observations. Later 130 soil samples from depth 0-5 cm of different surfaces were collected during spring to autumn 2019 and physicochemical analysis, mean weight diameter (MWD) and loose erodible material (LEM) were determined and finally geomorphic map of the study area was prepared in ARCGIS software. Based on the results from present study, seven geomorphic surfaces were identified in western part of ULP including clay flats, salt crusts, clay flats- salt crusts; sandy salt crusts, beach sands, sand sheets and fan delta. Each of these surfaces were subdivided to different map units based on the variation in vegetation cover and density, stability of surficial crusts and some other physicochemical properties. Among studied surfaces, sand sheets located in northern parts of the study area, next to Jabal Kandi village, had the highest LEM with 89.7 % equal to 53.8 ton.ha- soil. The study of the correlation between LEM and several soil physicochemical properties showed that high sand content and low calcium carbonate, MWD (which is also dependent of soil properties) and also low organic matter in soils of sand sheets have made these areas vulnerable to wind erosion and prone to dust generation.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • clay flats
  • salt crusts
  • sand sheets
  • loose erodible material
  • dust

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  • تاریخ دریافت: 21 بهمن 1401
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 28 فروردین 1402
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 09 اردیبهشت 1401

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