اثر تغییر کاربری مرتع به کشاورزی و پارک جنگلی بر روی شکل‌های متفاوت پتاسیم و کانی‌شناسی رس

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانش آموخته گروه علوم خاک، دانشگاه ملایر

2 استادیار گروه علوم مهندسی خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ملایر

3 دانشیار گروه علوم خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ملایر

چکیده

تغییر کاربری اراضی فاکتوری مؤثر بر هدرروی حاصلخیزی خاک، از جمله عناصر غذایی پرمصرف می­باشد. پتاسیم از جمله عناصر غذایی پرمصرف ضروری برای رشد گیاه است، که توزیع آن در خاک به کانی­های رس، کوددهی، درجه هوازدگی، نوع کاربری، شرایط اقلیمی و آبشویی بستگی دارد. هدف از این تحقیق بررسی شکل­های متفاوت پتاسیم در سه کاربری مختلف مرتع، کشاورزی و پارک جنگلی در دو عمق سطحی  (15-0 سانتی­متری) و زیرسطحی (30-15 سانتی­متری) در شهر اشترینان واقع در استان لرستان بود. نمونه­برداری در سه کاربری در 45 نقطه در دو عمق انجام شد. برخی ویژگی­های فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک و هم­چنین شکل­های متفاوت پتاسیم در آزمایشگاه اندازه­گیری شدند. مطالعات کانی­شناسی با کمک دستگاه پراش پرتو ایکس انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد که بالاترین میانگین پتاسیم محلول (9/15 میلی­گرم برکیلوگرم)، غیرتبادلی (5/627 میلی­گرم برکیلوگرم) و شبه ساختمانی (2/3563 میلی­گرم برکیلوگرم) در کاربری پارک جنگلی و بالاترین پتاسیم تبادلی (484 میلی­گرم برکیلوگرم) در کاربری مرتع مشاهده شد. تمام شکل­های پتاسیم به غیر از پتاسیم ساختاری با افزایش عمق، کاهش داشتند، اما عمق اثر معنی­داری بر روی شکل­های متفاوت پتاسیم نداشت. اثرکاربری در تمامی‏شکل­های پتاسیم دارای تفاوت معنی­داری در سطح یک درصد بود. نتایج همبستگی نشان داد که پتاسیم محلول تنها با پتاسیم تبادلی رابطه مثبت معنی­دار دارد. بین پتاسیم شبه ساختاری با پتاسیم تبادلی و غیرتبادلی رابطه مثبت معنی­دار دیده شد. هم­چنین رس و ظرفیت تبادل کاتیونی با پتاسیم تبادلی، غیرتبادلی و ساختمانی رابطه مثبت معنی­داری در سطح یک درصد نشان دادند. نتایج کانی­شناسی نیز نشان داد که ورمی­کولیت و اسمکتیت کانی­های کنترل کننده پتاسیم تبادلی در کاربری مرتع و اسمکتیت و ایلایت، کانی­های اصلی کنترل کننده پتاسیم غیرتبادلی و ساختاری در پارک جنگلی هستند. تغییر کاربری اراضی از مرتع به کشاورزی در دراز مدت منجر به کاهش تمام شکل­های پتاسیم شده، در حالی­که تغییر به پارک جنگلی مقدار پتاسیم محلول، غیرتبادلی و ساختاری را افزایش داده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

The Effect of Land Use Change of Rangeland to Agriculture and Forest Park Land Use on Different Potassium Forms and Clay Mineralogy

نویسندگان [English]

  • shirzad Jafari 1
  • Soheyla Hashemi 2
  • shariar Mahdavi 3
1 MSc Student, Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran
2 Assistant Professor. Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran
3 Association Professor. Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran
چکیده [English]

Land use change is a factor that affects the loss of soil fertility such as macronutrient. Potassium (K) is an essential macro-nutrient for the growth of plant that its distribution in soil depends on clay minerals, manure, degree of weathering, land use type, climate condition and leaching.  The purpose of this research was an investigation of different K forms in three agricultures, rangeland and forest park land uses in surface (0-15 cm) and subsurface (15-30 cm) depths in Oshtorninan region (Lorestan province). Soil sampling was done in 45 points in three land use and two depths. Some soil physicochemical and different K forms were determined in laboratory. Mineralogical study was carried out with X-ray diffraction. Results showed that the mean contents of soluble (15.9 mgkg-1), non-exchangeable (627.5 mgkg-1) and structural K (3563.2 mg kg-1) in the forest park and the content of exchangeable K (484 mgkg-1) in the rangeland was higher than other land uses. All K forms (except structural K) were higher in the surface soils compared to the subsurface soils. Land use had significant effects (p < 0.01) on all K forms, but depth had no significant effect on them. Soluble K only had a positively significant correlation with exchangeable K. Positively significant correlations between structural K with exchangeable and non-exchangeable K were observed. Also, clay and cation exchange capacity had positively significant relationships with exchangeable, non-exchangeable and structural K. Mineralogical studies showed that vermiculite and smectite control the content of exchangeable K in the rangeland and the smectite and illite are important minerals that control the non-exchangeable and structural K in the forest park. The change in land use from rangeland to agricultural land may induces the long-term reduction of all K forms, while the change to forest park increases soluble, non-exchangeable and structural K forms.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Illite
  • Exchangeable K
  • Land use type
  • Vermiculite
Afshari M, Hashemi S.S, and Attaeian B.  2019. Land use change effect on physical, chemical, and mineralogical properties of calcareous soils in western Iran. ECOPERSIA, 7(1):47-57.
Alamdari P., Kamrani V., and Mohammadi M.H. 2016. Clay mineralogy relationships with Potassium forms in different physiographic units. J. of Water and Soil, 29: 6.1578-1589. (In Persian)
Allison L.E., and Moodi C.D. 1962. Carbonates. In: Black C.A.  (Ed), Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2, Soil Science Society of America and American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI. pp. 1379-1396.
Al-Zubaidi A., Yanni S., and Bashour I. 2008. Potassium status in some Lebanese soils. Lebanese Science Journal, 9: 81-97.
Ayoubi Sh. and Jalalian A. 2006. Land Evaluation (Agriculture and Natural Resources). Isfahan University of Technology Publishing, Isfahan, Iran, 398p. (In Persian).
Azadi A., and Shakeri S. 2020. Effect of various land uses on potassium forms and some soil properties in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Southwest Iran. ‏Iran Agricultural Research, 39(1): 121-131.
Behera S., Krishna chaitanya A., Ghosh S.K., and Patra P.K. 2015. Distribution of potassium fractions in different land use system in some soil series of west Bengal. The Bioscan, 10(4): 1549-1553.
Boostani H.R., Najafi-Ghiri M., and Mahmoodi A.R. 2019. Effect of land use change on potassium chemical fractions and availability of some soil nutrients in Darab region, Fars province. Applied Soil Research, 7(3):180-191. (In Persian)
Barnhisel R.I., and Bersch, P.M. 1989. Chlorite and hydroxyl interlayered vermiculite and smectite. In Dixon J.B., and Weed S.B. (Eds.), Minerals in soil environment. Society of American Agronomy, Madison, WI, pp: 129-788.
Chapman H.D. 1965. Cation exchange capacity. In Black C.A. (ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2, Chemical and Microbiological Properties. Society of American Agronomy, Madison, WI, pp. 891-901.
Ebrahimi M., Kashani S., and Rouhimoghaddam E. 2016. Effect of land use change from rangeland to agricultural land on soil fertility in Taftan region. Water and Soil Science, 26(1): 31-44.
Gee G.W., and Bauder J.W. 1986. Particle-size Analysis. In: Klute A. (Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis Part I, Physical and Mineralogical Methods. Soil Science Society of America and American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI, pp. 383-412. 
Gholami A., Baghernejad M., Azadi A., and Shakeri S. 2020. Effect of long term rice cultivation on potassium status, clay mineralogy and some physicochemical properties of calcareous soils in Fars province. Soil and Water research, 52 (1): 123-141.
Gholizade Gh., Karimi A.R., Khorasani R., and Khormali F. 2015. Different forms of soil potassium in tobacco cultivated areas of northern Iran. J of Water and Soil Conservation, 23(4): 1-23. (In Persian)
Goulding K.W.T. 1987. Potassium fixation and release. Switzerland: Colloquium of the international Potash Institute. pp: 134- 156.
Hashemi S.S. and Abbaslou H. 2016. Potassium reserves in soils with arid and semi-arid climate in southern Iran: a perspective based on potassium fixation. Iran Agriculture Research, 35: 2. 88-95.
Hashemi S.S. 2020. Study on the effect of long term cultivation of grape on mineralogy of soil fractions and different potassium forms in two regions of Malayer. Soil Research Journal 34(2): 183-198. (In Persian)
Havlin J., Beaton J., Tisdale S., and Nelson W. 1999. Soil Fertility and Fertilizers. Ed. Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 503p.
Helmke P.A. and Sparks D.L. 1996. Lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium and cesium. In: Sparks D.L. (Ed.), Method of Soil Analysis, Part 3. Chemical Methods. No. 5 American society of agronomy, Madison, WI, pp. 551-574.
Hongo T., Yoshino T., Yamazaki A., and Satokawa S. 2012. Mechanochemical treatment of Vermiculite in vibration milling and its effect on Lead (II) adsorption ability. Clay Science, 70: 74-78.
Kittrick J.A., and Hope E.W. 1963. A procedure for the particle size separation of soils for X-ray diffraction analysis. Proceedings Soil Science Society of America (former title), 37: 201-205.
Khormali F., and Abtahi A. 2003. Origin and distribution of clay minerals in calcareous arid and semiarid soils of Fars province, southern Iran. Clay Mineral, 38: 511–527.
Khormali, F., Nabiollahy, K., Bazargan, K., and Eftekhari, K. 2008. Potassium status in different soil orders of Kharkeh research station Kurdestan. J. Agric. Sci. Natur. Resource, 14: 5. 1-9.
Knudsen D., Peterson G.A., and Pratt P.F. 1982. Lithium, sodium and potassium. In: A.L. Page, R.H. Miller, and D.R. Keeny, (Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis, part 2. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI, pp.225-246.
Loppert R.H. and Suarez D.L. 1996. Carbonate and gypsum. In: Sparks D.L. (eds.) Method of soil analysis. Part III. 3rd Ed. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI, pp. 437-474,
Mc-Lean E.O. 1982. Soil pH and Lime requirement. Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2, Chemical and Microbiological Properties. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI, USA, pp. 199-224.
Mesut Cimrin K., Akca E., Senol M., Buyuk G., and Kapur, S. 2004. Potassium potential of the soils of the Gevas region in eastern Anatolia. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 28 (14): 259-266.
Mohamadi S. 2016. Investigation of different land use effect on some soil chemical properties in Jmalabad area, Baft city. Journal of range land and watershed Management, 69(4): 1063-1073. (In Persian)
Najafi-Ghiri M., Abtahi A., Owliaie H., Hashemi S.S., and Koohkan, H., 2011. Factors affecting potassium pools distribution in calcareous soils of southern Iran. Arid Land Research and Management, 25(4): 313-327.
Najafi-Ghiri M., Mahmoodi A., and Askari Sh. 2015. Effect of three halophytes species on some soil properties and different potassium forms in saline soils. Journal of Water and Soil Science, 72: 1-9. (In Persian)
Najafi-Ghiri M., Owliaie H. R. and Boostani, H. R. 2019. Factors affecting potassium pools distribution in some calcareous soils of Kohgilouye and Boyerahmad province. Applied Soil Research, 7(2): 196-207. (In Persian)
Nelson D.W., and Sommers L.E. 1996. Total carbon and organic matter. In: Sparks D.L. (Ed.) Methods of Soil Analysis, Part III, 3rd Ed., American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI. USA. pp. 961-1010.
Rezapour S. 2014. Response of some soil attributes to different land use types in calcareous soils with Mediterranean type climate in north-west of Iran.  Environmental Earth Sciences, 71:2199–2210.
Rezapour S., and Alipour, O.2017. Degradation of Mollisols quality after deforestation and cultivation on a transect with Mediterranean condition.  Environmental Earth Sciences, 76:755.
Rezapour S., and Taghipour A., and Samadi A. 2013. Modifications in selected soil attributes as influenced by long-term continuous cropping in a calcareous semiarid environment. Natural Hazards, 69:1951–1966.
Rhoades J.D. 1996. Salinity: Electrical Conductivity and Total Dissolved Solids. In: Sparks D.L. (Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis, Part III, 3rd Ed., Soil Science Society of America and American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI, pp. 417-436.
Shahrokh V., Khademi H., and Shariatmadari H. 2019. Changes in Different Forms of Potassium and Clay Minerals in Soils as Influenced by Different Aged Orange Trees (Citrus sinensis) in Darab, Fars Province. Journal of Water and Soil Science, 23(2): 13-26. (In Persian)
Sharma B.D., Mukhopadhyay S.S. and Sawhney J.S. 2006. Distribution of potassium fractions in relation to landforms in a Himalayan catena. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 52(4): 469–476.
Sparks D.L. 1987. Potassium dynamics in soils. Adv. Soil Science, 6: 1-63.
Sposito G., Lun L.J., and Chang A.C. 1982. Trace metal chemistry in arid zone field soils amended with sewage sludge: I. Fractionation of Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb in solid phases. Soil Science Society American Journal, 46: 260-264.
Srinivasarao C., Singh R.N., Ganeshamurthy A.N., Singh G., and Masood A.  2007. Fixation and recovery of added phosphorus and potassium in different soil types of pulse growing regions of India. Communication Soil Science Plant Analysis, 38: 449-460.