خطراکولوژیکی آلودگی عناصر سنگین و ارتباط آن با خصوصیات فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک در باغات سیب دشت ارومیه

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشگاه ارومیه

2 عضو هیئت علمی دانشگاه ارومیه

3 استادیار گروه علوم خاک، واحد تبریز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تبریز، ایران

4 ریاست دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه آزاد واحد تبریز

5 گروه محیط زیست، واحد تبریز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تبریز ایران

چکیده

آلودگی اراضی کشاورزی بویژه باغات به فلزات سنگین، ناشی از عملیات طولانی‌مدت کشاورزی (استفاده گسترده از کودها و سموم کشاورزی)، به موضوعی با اولویت بالا برای سلامت خاک، غذا و انسان تبدیل شده است. تحقیق حاضر با هدف بررسی آلودگی و خطر فلزات سنگین در باغات سیب دشت ارومیه انجام شد. از نظر رده‌بندی، خاک‌های مورد مطالعه در رده اینسپتی‌سول‌ها و زیرگروه‌های TH)) TypicHaploxerepts، Typic Endoaquepts (TE)، Typic Calcixerepts (TC)، Fluventic Haploxerepts (FH) و Aquic Calcixerepts (AC) قرار دارند. شاخص‌های آلودگی نمرو ([1]PIN) و خطراکولوژیکی ([2]ER)  محاسبه شد. عمده‌ی فلزات سنگین در محدوده‌ی افق Ap بیشترین مقدار را دارا بود. نتایج نشان داد مقادیر غلظت همگی فلزات سنگین مورد مطالعه کم تر حد مجاز آلایندگی می‌باشد. بیشترین میانگین غلظت کل فلز روی و مس درخاک TH (به ترتیب۱/۷۳ و ۸۷/۲۱ میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم) دیده شد. اختلاف غلظت سرب تنها در خاک FH معنی‌دار بود و در سایر تیپ‌ها، تفاوت معنی‌دار دیده ‌نشد. بیشترین میانگین غلظت کل  نیکل و کادمیوم در خاک TH (به ترتیب ۸۶/۳۰  و ۱۹/۱ میلی‌گرم برکیلوگرم) و کمترین آن‌ها در خاک TE (به ترتیب ۹۶/۲۵ و ۸/۰ میلی‌گرم برکیلوگرم) مشاهده شد. مقدار شاخص نمرو عناصر به‌صورت Cd>Zn>Pb>Cu>Ni بود که نشان داد خطر کادمیوم برای آلودگی خاک‌ بیشتر از سایر فلزات است. تجزیه و تحلیل چند متغیره نشان داد که منشأ عمده آلودگی فلزات منگنز و مس در درجه اول از فرآیندهای طبیعی (ژئوژنیکی) است، در حالی که فلزات کادمیوم، سرب و نیکل از عوامل طبیعی و انسانی مشتق شده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Ecological Risk of Heavy Metals Pollution and its Relationship with Soil Physicochemical Properties in the Urmia Plain Gardens

نویسندگان [English]

  • jaleh afra 1
  • salar rezapour 2
  • elnaz sabbagh Tazeh 3
  • mohammad reza dalalian 4
  • O. Rafieyan 5
1 Urmia University
2 Faculty member of Urmia University
3 Department of Soil Science, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
4 , Department of Soil Science, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran,tel
5 , Department of Environmental Sciences, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
چکیده [English]

The contamination of agricultural lands, especially orchard soils with heavy metals, caused by long-term agricultural practices (overuse of fertilizers and pesticides), has become a high-priority topic for soil, food, and human health. This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the pollution and ecological risk of heavy metals in different types of soil in the apple orchards of Urmia Plain. The studied soils were classified in the Incepitsols order and the subgroups: Typic Haploxerepts (TH), Typic Endoaquepts (TE), Typic Calcixerepts (TC), Fluventic Haploxerepts (FH) and Aquic Calcixerepts (AC). The Nemerow Pollution Index (PIN) and Ecological Risk (ER) were calculated. Most heavy metals had the highest concentration in the Ap horizon. The results showed that the concentration of all studied heavy metals are lower than the permissible limit of pollution. The highest average concentration of the Zn and Cu were in the TH soil (73.1 and 21.87 mg kg-1, respectively). The difference of the concentration of Pb was significant only in the FH and there was no significant difference in other soil types. The highest average concentration of the Ni and Cd was observed in the TH soil (30.86 and 1.19 mg kg-1, respectively) and the lowest in the TE soil (25.96 and 0.8 mg kg-1, respectively). The PIN order of the studied heavy metals was as Cd>Zn>Pb>Cu>Ni, showed that the risk of Cd for the soil contamination was higher than other metals. Multivariate analysis showed that the main sources of Mn and Cu are from natural processes, while Cd, Pb and Ni were derived from the both natural and anthropogenic factors.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Soil type
  • Nemerow index
  • Soil pollution
  • Heavy metals
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