تأثیر کاربرد طولانی‌مدت و تلفیقی کودهای آلی و شیمیایی بر تولید گندم (Triticum aestivum L.) در کرت‌های ثابت

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 عضو هیات علمی مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خوزستان

2 عضو هیئت علمی

3 بخش تحقیقات خاک و آب، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان خوزستان

چکیده

امروزه استفاده تلفیقی از کودهای آلی و شیمیایی برای تولید پایدار و حفظ خاک اجتناب‌ناپذیر می­باشد. به منظور بررسی تأثیر کاربرد طولانی­مدت و توأم کودهای شیمیایی و آلی بر تولید گندم رقم برات در کرت­های ثابت، پژوهشی در شش تیمار با سه تکرار و به مدت چهار سال ( 1396 تا 1400) در شهرستان اهواز در قالب طرح بلوک­های کامل تصادفی اجرا شد. تیمارها شامل T1: شاهد بدون مصرف کود، T2: کاربرد کودهای شیمیایی نیتروژنی، فسفری و پتاسیمی بر اساس آزمون خاک، T3: کاربرد 20 تن کود گاوی هر دو سال یکبار+ 75 درصد مقدار نیتروژن + 50 درصد مقدار فسفر و پتاسیم توصیه شده، T4: کاربرد 20 تن باگاس هر دو سال یکبار + 75 درصد مقدار نیتروژن + 50 درصد مقدار فسفر و پتاسیم توصیه شده، T5:  کاربرد سالانه 20 تن کود گاوی + 75 درصد مقدار نیتروژن توصیه شده، T6: کاربرد سالانه 20 تن باگاس + 75 درصد مقدار نیتروژن توصیه شده بودند. در پایان فصل رشد، عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد گندم اندازه‌گیری شد. نتایج نشان داد که در تیمارهای مدیریت تلفیقی، کاربرد کود دامی نسبت به کود باگاس از اثربخشی بیشتری برخوردار بود. بیشترین عملکرد دانه گندم در تیمارهای T2 و T3 به­ترتیب به میزان 4845 و 4473 کیلوگرم در هکتار مشاهده شد که نسبت به عملکرد دانه در تیمار شاهد (2350 کیلوگرم در هکتار) افزایش عملکرد معنی­داری داشتند. بیشترین نسبت فایده به هزینه (در سال 1400) در اثر اعمال تیمار T2 به دست آمد (2/20). نسبت فایده به هزینه در اثر اعمال تیمارهای مدیریت تلفیقی کود آلی و شیمیایی (تیمارهای T4 و T3) تقریباً 50 درصد کمتر از تیمار کاربرد انحصاری کودهای شیمیایی بود. با محاسبه­ی مجدد نسبت فایده به هزینه براساس قیمت­ نهاده­ها در سال زراعی 1402-1403 مشاهده شد که تیمار T2 همچنان بالاترین نسبت فایده به هزینه را داشت (4/13) اما با شیب شدیدی کاهش یافت. این درحالی­ است که نسبت فایده به هزینه در اثر استفاده از تیمارهای T3 و T4 تقریباً ثابت و پایدار ماند (در محدوده 8 تا 11). نتایج حاکی از این حقیقت است که کاربرد توأم کودهای آلی و شیمیایی نه تنها در پایداری حاصلخیزی خاک و تولید محصولات کشاورزی مؤثر خواهد بود بلکه در پایداری سود بهره­برداران نیز نقش خواهد داشت.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

The Effect of Long-Term and Integrated Application of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers on the Production of Wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.) in Fixed Plots

نویسندگان [English]

  • AliReza Jafarnejhadi 1
  • Farhad Moshiri 2
  • Fatemeh Meskini-Vishkaee 3
1 Soil and Water Research Department, Khuzestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Ahvaz Iran
2 member of science
3 Soil and Water Research Department, Khuzestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Ahwaz, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Theintegrated application of organic and chemical fertilizers is inevitable for sustainable production and soil conservation. To evaluate the effect of the integrated and long-term application of chemical and organic fertilizers on the Brat variety wheat production in fixed plots, research was carried out in Ahvaz city in six treatments with three replications for four years (2017-2021) in the form of randomized complete block design. The treatments included T1: unfertilized control, T2: application of nitrogenous, phosphorus and potassium chemical fertilizers based on soil test, T3: application of 20 tons of cattle manure every two years + 75% of recommended nitrogen + 50% of the recommended phosphorus and potassium, T4: application 20 tons of bagasse every two years + 75% of the recommended nitrogen + 50% of the recommended phosphorus and potassium, T5: annual application of 20 tons of cattle manure + 75% of the recommended nitrogen, T6: annual application of 20 tons of bagasse + 75% of the recommended nitrogen. At the end of the growing season, wheat yield components were measured. The results showed that in integrated management treatments, the use of cattle manure was more effective than bagasse. The highest wheat grain yield was observed in the T2 and T3 treatments, respectively, at the rate of 4845 and 4473 kg ha-1, significantly higher than the grain yield in the control treatment (2350 kg ha-1). The highest profit-to-benefit ratio (in 1400) was obtained by applying T2 treatment (20.2). The benefit to cost ratio due to the integrated application of organic and chemical fertilizer management treatments (T4 and T3 treatments) was approximately 50% lower than the exclusive application of chemical fertilizers treatment. By recalculating the benefit to cost ratio based on the prices of inputs in the crop year 2023-2024, it was observed that the T2 treatment still had the highest benefit-to-cost ratio (13.4), but it decreased with a sharp slope. In contrast the benefit-to-cost ratio remained almost constant and stable due to the application of T3 and T4 treatments (in the range of 8 to 11). The results indicate that the integrated application of organic and chemical fertilizers will not only be effective in the sustainability of soil fertility and agricultural products but will also play an important role in the stability of the farmer's profit.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Economic profit
  • Integrated management
  • Soil fertility
  • Sustainable agriculture
Aryal, J.P., Sapkota, T. B., Krupnik, T.J., Rahut, D. B., Jat, M.L., and Stirling, C.M. 2021. Factors affecting farmers’ use of organic and inorganic fertilizers in South Asia. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28: 51480–51496.
Austin A.T, and Vivanco L. 2006. Plant litter decomposition in a semi-arid ecosystem controlled by photodegradation. Nature, 442 (7102): 555-558.
Channabasanagowda N.K., Biradar P., Patil B.N., Awaknavar J.S., Ninganur B.T., and Hunje R. 2008. Effect of organic manures on growth, seed yield and quality of wheat. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 21: 366–68.
Croltoru A.E., and Burada C. 2013. Spatiotemporal distribution of aridity indices based on temperature and precipitation in the extra-Carpathian regions of Romania. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 112: 597-607.
Daily G.C., Dasgupta P., Bolin B., Crosson P., and du Gurny J. 1998. Food production, population growth, and the environment. Science, 281: 1291-1292.
Ding J., Jiang X., Ma M., Zhou B., Guan D., and Zhao B. 2016. Effect of 35 years inorganic fertilizer and manure amendment on structure of bacterial and archaeal communities in black soil of Northeast China. Applied Soil Ecology, 105: 187–195.
Farhad W., Cheema M.A., Saleem M.F., Hammad H.M., and Bilal M.F. 2011. Response of maize hybrids to composted and non-composted poultry manure under different irrigation regimes. International Journal of Agriculture and Biological, 6: 923–28.
Gaind S., and Singh Y.V. 2016. Short-term impact of organic fertilization and seasonal variations on enzymes and microbial indices under rice–wheat rotation. Clean-Soil, Air, Water, 44: 1396–404.
Ghazan Shahi J. 2006. Soil and Plant Analysis. Aiizh Publications, Iran, 296 pp. (In Persian)
Gupta A., and Hussain N. 2014. A critical study on the use, application and effectiveness of ogganic and inorganic fertilizers. Journal of Industrial Pollution Control, 30 (2): 191-194.
Hammad H.M., Khaliq A., Ahmad A., Aslam M., Malik A.H., Farhad W., and Laghari K.Q. 2011. Influence of different organic manures on wheat productivity. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 13: 137–40.
Hartl W., Putz B., and Erah E. 2003. Influence of rates and timing bio Waste compost application on yield and soil nitrate levels. European of soil Biology, 39: 129-139.
Khanmohammadi Z., Afyuni M., and Mosaddeghi M. 2016. Effect of Pyrolysis Temperature on Chemical Properties of Sugarcane Bagasse and Pistachio residues Biochar. Applied Soil Research, 3 (1): 1-13. (In Persian)
Khoshgoftarmanesh A., Schulin R., Chaney R., Daneshbakhsh B., and Afyuni M. 2010. Micronutrient-efficient genotypes for crop yield and nutritional quality in sustainable agriculture. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 30:83–107.
Lee C.H., Park K.D., Jeon W.T., and Kim P.J. 2004. Lange term effect of fertilization on the forms and availability of soil phosphorus in rice paddy. Chemosphere, 56: 299-304.
Lu D., Li C., Sokolwski E., Magen H., Chen X., Wang H., and Zhou J. 2017. Crop yield and soil available potassium changes as affected by potassium rate in rice–wheat systems. Field Crops Research, 214: 38–44.
Mahajan A., and Gupta R.D. 2009. Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) in a Sustainable Rice-Wheat Cropping System. Springer, Dordrecht, 268p.
Meagy M.J., Eaton T.E., Barker A.V., and Bryson G.M. 2016. Assessment of organic and conventional soil fertility practices and cultivar selection on mineral nutrient accumulation in field-grown lettuce. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 39: 1936–49.
Meskini-Vishkaee, F., Jafarnejhadi, A.L., and Mousavi-Fazl, M.H. 2020. Evaluation of soil physical quality in dominant series of calcareous soils in southwest of Iran. Polish Journal of Soil Science, 53(2): 225-243.
Mirzashahi K. 2007. The final report of the project "The effect of the combined use of organic materials (animal manure) and chemical fertilizers on the yield of Single Cross 704 corn and soil organic matter". Soil and Water Research Institute. (In Persian)
Moghimi N., Naseri A.A., Soltani Mohammadi A., and Garm Dareh S.E. 2016. Evaluation of bagasse on nitrate reduction from effluent subsurface drainage water. Journal of Irrigation Sciences and Engineering, 39 (2): 49-58. (In Persian)
Moshiri F., Shahabi A.A., Keshavarz P., Khugar Z., and Feisi-Asl V. 2014. Guidelines for integrated management of soil fertility and wheat plant nutrition. Soil and Water Research Institute. (In Persian)
National Climatology Center. 2017. Monthly meteorological data of the country's synoptic stations. http://cri.ac.ir/show=251 (In Persian)
Palangi S., Bahmani O., and Atlasi-pak V. 2020. Comparison of different biochar and fertilizer levels on yield and yield components of wheat and water use efficiency. Applied Soil Research, 8(3): 160-171. (In Persian)
Qazanshahi J. 1999. Soil and its Relationships in Agriculture. First edition, future publication, Tehran. 274 pp. (In Persian)
Rezaei-Chiyaneh E., Tajabakhsh M., Hiyasim G., and Amirnia R. 2015. Effect of integrated organic and chemical fertilizers on qualitytative yield of chickpea (cicer aritinum L.) under dry farming conditions: Research in field crops, 1(3): 55-69.
Samavat S. 2016. The final report of the research project "investigating the effect of different organic fertilizers on the chemical, physical and biological properties of the soil under wheat-corn rotation". Soil and Water Research Institute. (In Persian)
Shirkhani A, Nasralzadeh S., and Salmasi S. 2019. The effect of biological and chemical fertilizers on the yield and quality of corn seeds under conditions of full irrigation and drought stress. Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences, 12(3), 781-791. (In Persian).
Solomon W.G.O., Ndana R.W., and Abdulrahim Y. 2012. The Comparative study of the effect of organic manure cow dung and inorganic fertilizer NPK on the growth rate of maize (Zea mays L.). International Research Journal of Agricultural Science and Soil Science, 2: 516-519.
Yadvinder-Singh R.K., Gupta H.S.T., Bijay-Singh J., Varinderpal-Singh M., Gurpreet-Singh S., Jagmohan-Singh F., and Ladha J.K. 2009. Poultry litter as a nitrogen and phosphorous source for the rice–wheat cropping system. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 45:701–10.
Yuan G., Huan W., Song H., Lu D., Chen X., Wang H., and Zhou J. 2021. Effects of straw incorporation and potassium fertilizer on crop yields, soil organic carbon, and active carbon in the rice–wheat system. Soil & Tillage Research, 209: 104958.
Zhang H.M., Xu M.G., and Fan T.L. 2009. Crop yield and soil responses to long-term fertilization on a red soil in southern china. Pedosphere, 19: 199-207.
Zhu L., Hu N., Zhang Z., Xu J., Tao B., and Meng Y. 2015. Short-term responses of soil organic carbon and carbon pool management index to different annual straw return rates in a rice–wheat cropping system. CATENA, 135: 283–289.