تاثیر پنج دهه عملیات کشاورزی مستمر بر توزیع شکل های پتاسیم در برخی باغات‌ جنوب دشت ارومیه

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 کارشناسی ارشد گروه علوم خاک دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه ارومیه

2 دانشیار گروه علوم خاک دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه ارومیه

3 استادیار گروه علوم خاک دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه ارومیه (مکاتبه کننده)

چکیده

عملیات کشاورزی مستمر ممکن است بعضی تغییرات را در خصوصیات فیزیکی و شیمیایی و توزیع شکل­های پتاسیم خاک ایجاد کند. برای بررسی این فرضیه، خاک­های 5 زیرگروه Calcixerepts Typic، Fluventic Haploxerepts،Typic Endoaquepts، Typic Halaqueptsو  Vertic Endoaqueptsاز خاک­های جنوب دشت ارومیه که تحت عملیات باغداری مستمر برای مدت بیش از 5 دهه قرارگرفته­اند تشریح و نمونه­برداری شدند. نمونه­های خاک پس از هوا خشک و عبور از غربال 2 میلی­متری تحت آزمایش­های مختلف فیزیکوشیمیایی قرارگرفته و توزیع شکل­های مختلف پتاسیم تعیین شدند. نتایج نشان داد که در بیشتر خاک­های مطالعه شده عملیات باغداری مستمر باعث کاهش در مقادیر شکل­های پتاسیم به تبعیت از تغییر در تیپ­های مختلف خاک، فعالیت­های زراعی و خصوصیات خاک شده است. همچنین مقایسات نشان داد که عملیات باغداری مستمر باعث کاهش معنی­دار شکل­های پتاسیم به استثنای پتاسیم غیرتبادلی شده است. در ­این ­بین پتاسیم محلول و پتاسیم غیرتبادلی به ترتیب بیشترین و کمترین کاهش را در بین شکل­های پتاسیم نشان داد. بر این اساس عملیات باغداری مستمر باعث کاهش 100 درصد پتاسیم محلول، 60 درصد پتاسیم تبادلی و 60 درصد پتاسیم قابل­استفاده در زیرگروه­های مورد مطالعه گردید. مطالعات کانی­شناسی نیز مؤید این مطلب است که عملیات باغداری مستمر سبب تغییراتی در شدت نسبی و موقعیت پیک­های ایلایت و اسمکتایت شده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

The effect of five-decade continuous horticultural practice on distribution of potassium forms in some soils in South of Urmia

نویسندگان [English]

  • Zahra Amirpour 1
  • Salar Rezapour 2
  • Behnam Dovlati 3
1 Former Graduate Student of Soil Science Department, Faculity of Agriculture, Univercity of Urmia
2 Associate Professor of Soil Science Department, Faculity of Agriculture, Univercity of Urmia
3 Asistant Professor of Soil Science Department, Faculity of Agriculture, Univercity of Urmia, (Corresponding Author)
چکیده [English]

Continuous horticultural practice may be manifesting some modifications on physico-chemical and different K forms of soil. To investigate this hypothesis, five soils subgroups (Typic Calcixerepts, Fluventic Haploxerepts, Typic Endoaquepts, Typic Halaquepts and Vertic Endoaqupts) of cultivated and adjoining uncultivated soils of south Urmia that have been under continuous horticultural practice for more than 5 decades were described and sampled. The soil samples were analyzed for different K forms and K adsorption properties after they were air-dried and ground to pass through a 2-mm sieve. The result showed that for most of the studied soils, continuous horticultural practices decreased the amount of different K forms as result of changes in soils types, agricultural practices and soil properties. Comparisons also showed that continuous horticultural practice significantly caused reduction in the all forms of K excluding the non-exchangeable K (NEK). Among the soluble K and NEK, respectively, showed the highest and the least changes. The continuous horticultural practice decreased 100 percent soluble K, 60 percent exchangeable K, 60 percent available K in the studied soil subgroups. Mineralogical studies also suggested that continuous horticultural practices caused changes in the relative intensity and position of the XRD pattern (peak) of illite and smectite.

مراجع

References
Abbasi MK, Zafar M and Razaq Khan S. 2007. Influence of different land-cover types on changes of selected soil properties in the mountain region of Rawalakot Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 78: 97-110.
Andrist-Rangel Y. 2008. Quantifying mineral sources of potassium in agricultural soils. PhD Thesis No. 53, Faculty of Natural Resources and Agricultural Sciences, Acta Universitatis Agriculturae Sueciae, Uppsala. pp: 1475-2743.
Bouyoucos GJ. 1962. Hydrometer method improved for making particle size analysis of soil. Agronomy Journal, 54: 464-465.
BradyNC and Weil R. 1999. Global soil quality as affected by human activites. In: The nature and properties of soils, pp: 788–813.
Chapman HD. 1965. Cation exchange capacity. In: Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2. (eds). BlackCA, American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. pp: 891-900.
Dovlati B. Samadi A and Oustan SH. 2010. Effects of Long-term continuous cropping of sunflower on K forms in calcareous soils of Western Azarbaijan Province, Iran. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 16: 71-82 (in Persian).
Fageria NK. 1989. Tropical soils and physiological aspects of crops. Brasilia, Goiania, Brazil, EMBRAPA/CNPAF, Document No. 18.
Gamian N. 2000. Review and in order to update semi-detailed soil southern plains of Urmia. Agriculture Research Center of WestAzerbaijan, pp: 79-102. (in Persian).
Hinsinger P, Elsass F. Jaillard B and Robert M. 1993. Root-induced irreversible transformation of trioctahedral mica in the rhizosphere of rape. Journal of Soil Science, 44: 535-545.
Jalali M. 2005. Release kinetics of non-exchangeable potassium in calcareous soils. Communication in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 36: 1903–1917.
Jalali M and Zarabi M. 2006. Kinetics of nonexchangeable-potassium release and plant response in some calcareous soils. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science,169: 194–204.
Khandagale, M.T. 1977. Effect of various levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on growth, yield and quality of Thompson seedless grape (Vitis vinifera L.) MSc. Thesis, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Rahuri. pp: 517-536.
Kittrick J A and Hope EW. 1971. A procedure for particale size separation of soil for X-ray diffraction. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 35: 621-626.
Kunze GW and Dixon JB. 1996. Pretreatment for mineralogical analysis. In: Klute A (eds). Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 1. Soil Science Society of America, Madison WI. USA. pp: 331-358.
Loeppert RH and Sparks DL. 1996. Carbonate and gypsum. In Sparks DL (eds). Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 3, Chemical Methods. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI, USA. pp: 437-474.
Malakouti MJ and Homaei M. 2003. Soil fertility of arid and semi-arid areas (problems and solutions), Tarbiat Modares University Press, 494p. (in Persian).
Mallarino AP, Wittry DJ and Barbagelata PA. 2003. New soil test interpretation classes for potassium. Better Crops, 87: 12-14.
Mengel K and Kirkby EA. 2001. Potassium in crop production. Advance in Agronomy. 33: 59-110.
Merbach W, Schmidt L and Wittenmayer L. 1999. Die Dauerdu ngungsversuche in Halle. Teubner, BG, Stuttgart-Leipzig, pp: 56-65.
NajafiGhiri M, Abtahi A. Jaberian F and Owliaie HR. 2010. Relationship between soil potassium forms and mineralogy in highly calcareous soils of Southern Iran. Australian Journal of Applied Science, 4: 434–441.
NajafiGhiri M, Abtahi A, Owliaie HR, Sadat Hashemi S and Koohkan SH. 2011. Factors affecting potassium pools distribution in calcareous soils of Southern Iran. Arid Land Research and Management, 25(4): 313-327 (in Persian).
Nelson DW and Sommers LE. 1982. Total carbon, organic carbon, and orgqnic matter. In Page AL (eds). Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI, USA. pp: 539-580.
Rezapour S and Samadi A. 2012. Assessment of inceptisols Soil quality following long-term cropping in a calcareous environment. Environmental Science, 184: 1311-1323.
Rezapour S and Samadi A. 2011. Soil quality response to long-term wastewater irrigation in Inceptisols from a semi-arid environment. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 91: 269-280.
Rezapour S, Jafarzadeh AA, Samadi A and Oustan SH. 2009. Impacts of clay mineralogy and physiographic units on the distribution of potassium forms in calcareous soils in Iran. Clay Minerals, 44: 329–339.
Rezapour S, Taghipour A and Samadi A. 2013. Modifications in selected soil attributes as influenced by long-term continuous cropping in a calcareous semiarid environment. Natural Hazards, 69: 1951-1966.
Samadi A, Dovlati B and Barin M. 2008. Effect of continuous cropping on potassium forms and potassium adsorption characteristics in calcareous soils of Iran. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 46: 265-272.
Sun B, Zhoub S and Zhao Q. 2003. Evaluation of spatial and temporal changes of soil quality based on geostatistical analysis in the hill region of subtropical China. Geoderma, 115: 85-99.
Sharma BD, Mukhopadhyay SS and Sawhney JS. 2006. Distribution of potassium fractions in relation to landforms in a Himalayan catena. Achieves in Agronomy and Soil Science 52: 469-476.
Sharpley AN, 1989. Relationship between potassium forms and mineralogy. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 52: 1023–1028.
Singh B, and Goulding WT. 1997. Changes with time in the potassium content and phyllosilicates in the soil of the Broadbalk continuous wheat experiment at Rothamsted. European Journal of Soil Science, 48: 651-659.
Smith JL and Doran JW.  1996. Measurement and use of pH and electrical conductivity for soil quality analysis. In: Methods for Assessing Soil Quality. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, USA, 49: 169-185.
Sparks DL. 1987. Potassium dynamics in soils. Agriculture in Soil Science. 6: 1-63.
Srinivasan, C. and Muthukrishnan, C.R. 1970. Effect of potassium on the development of buds in grape varieties Anab-e-Shahi. Madras Agriculture Journal, 57: 700-703.
Srinivasarao CH, Rupa TR, Subba Rao A, Ramesh G and Bansal SK.  2007. Release kinetics of nonexchangeable potassium by different extractants from soils of varying mineralogy and depth. Communication in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 37: 473-491.
Thomas GW. 1982. Exchangeable cations. In: Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2. Page AL (eds). Chemical and Microbiological Properties. American Society of Agronomy, Monograph, 9: 159-165.
Thomas GW. 1996. Soil pH and soil acidity. In: Sparks DL (eds). Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 3, American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI, USA. pp: 475–490.
Walkley AY, Black TA. 1982. An examination of the method for determining soil organic matter and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science, 37: 29-38.
Yost RS, Uehara G and Fox RL. 1982. Geostatistical analysis of soil chemical properties of large land areas: I. Semivariograms. Soil Science Society America Journal, 46: 1028–1032.
Zhou HZ, Gong ZT and Lamp J. 1996. Study on soil spatial variability. Acta Pedology Sin, 33: 232– 241 (in Chinese with English Abstract).

فایل ها

سابقه مقاله

  • تاریخ دریافت: 23 بهمن 1392
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 22 فروردین 1395
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 09 فروردین 1393

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار