تأثیر سیستم مدیریت تغذیه تلفیقی بر برخی ویژگی‌های کمی و کیفی سیب

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده

استادیار پژوهش مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی آذربایجان غربی (مکاتبه کننده)

چکیده

هدف از این پژوهش، بررسی تأثیر مصرف بهینه کود بر مبنای مدیریت تغذیه تلفیقی (INM) بر برخی خصوصیات کمی و کیفی سیب (Malus domestica L. Borkh) رقم زرد در باغ‌های استان آذربایجان­غربی بود. طرح تحقیقاتی در قالب بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی در پنج تکرار اجرا گردید. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل شاهد (عرف باغدار) و مصرف بهینه کود، با استفاده از منابع شیمیایی و آلی عناصر بر اساس آزمون خاک و تجزیه گیاه بودند. نتایج نشان داد که اثر تیمارها برشاخص کلروفیل SPAD معنی‌دار گردیده و مقدار آن در تیمار مصرف بهینه کود 10 درصد بیشتر از شاهد بود. نتایج بیان­گر تفاوت­های بارزی در غلظت عناصر غذایی نیتروژن، پتاسیم، کلسیم، آهن و روی برگ درختان سیب در بین تیمارهای مصرف بهینه کود و عرف باغدار بودند. شاخص­های تعادل تغذیه­ای محاسبه شده با اعداد مرجع سیستم تلفیقی تشخیص و توصیه (DRIS) در تیمارهای مدیریت تلفیقی و عرف باغدار، به­ترتیب معادل32/48 و 92/87 بودند. مصرف بهینه کود موجب بهبود تعادل تغذیه­ای، افزایش میزان پروتئین و نسبت کلسیم به منیزیم در میوه گردید. مقایسه غلظت عناصر غذائی و برخی خصوصیات کیفی میوه با استاندارهای جهانی نشان داد که در هر دو تیمار، میزان پروتئین و غلظت عناصر فسفر، منیزیم، آهن، روی و مس بیش از حدود استاندارد بود، ولی غلظت عناصر پتاسیم، کلسیم و منگنز کمتر از آن بود. همچنین، نسبت نیتروژن به کلسیم میوه در هر دو تیمار بیش از استاندارد مذکور بوده که احتمالا ناشی از ذخیره نیتروژن خاک به­دلیل مصرف زیاد کودهای نیتروژنی در باغات سیب استان آذربایجان­غربی است. به‌طورکلی، می­توان نتیجه­گیری کرد که سیستم مدیریت تلفیقی تغذیة باغات سیب می­تواند موجب ارتقای کمی و کیفی میوه و بهبود سلامت گیاه گردد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of integrated nutrient management in some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of apple

نویسنده [English]

  • Aziz Majidi
Corresponding author; Research Assistant Professor, Agricultural and Natural Resource Center of West Azerbaijan
چکیده [English]

The effects of conventional and integrated nutrient management (INM) systems were studied on some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of apple (Malusdomestica L. Borkh) trees of ‘Golden Delicious’. The experiment was carried out as a randomized complete block design with four replications at five locations over 2 years period on commercial apple orchards in northwestern Iran. Treatments consisted of T1 (conventional method) and T2 (INM based on soil test and plant analysis). The results indicated significant differences in SPAD chlorophyll index between the different management systems. INM treatment produced 10% higher leaf chlorophyll content than the conventional method. These findings revealed evidence of major differences in the leaf N, K, Ca, Fe and Zn nutrient contents between conventional and INM fertilization of grown apple trees. The nutrient balance indices (NBI) calculated by DRIS norms of T1 and T2 treatments were 87.92 and 48.32, respectively. INM system increased fruit protein and Ca/Mg ratio than the conventional method. The comparison of the nutrients concentration and some fruit quality parameters with international standards showed that in both treatments, fruit protein, P, Mg, Fe, Zn and Cu nutrients were higher than the standard values but the concentrations of K, Ca and Mg were lower than standard values. Furthermore, N/Ca ratio in both treatments was higher than the standard value probably due to the extensive former application of nitrogen fertilizers in apple orchards. It can be concluded that fertilization of apple based on INM system is effective in promoting fruit quality as well as trees health.

References
Aliehyaie M .1997. The description of soil chemical analysis methods, part 2. Technical Pub, No: 1024, Soil and Water Research Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, Agriculture Ministry, Tehran, Iran. 136p. (in Persian).
Aliehyaie M and Behbahanizada AA. 1993. The description of soil chemical analysis methods (Vol 1).Technical Pub, No: 983, Soil and Water Research Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, Agriculture Ministry, Tehran, Iran. 115p. (in Persian).
Beaufils ER .1973. Diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS). A general scheme for experimentation and calibration based on principles developed from research in plant nutrition. Soil Science, Bull No: 1, University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa, 132p.
Bramlage WJ, Drake M and Baker JH. 1979. Changes in calcium level in apple cortex tissue shortly before harvest and during postharvest storage. Communication Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 10: 417-426.
Campbell RJ, Mobley KN, Marini RP and Pfeiffer DG. 1990. Growing conditions alter the relationship between SPAD-501 values and apple leaf chlorophyll. Horticulture Science, 25: 330-331.
Davenport JR and Peryea FJ .1990. Whole fruit mineral element composition and quality of harvested ‘Delicious’ apples. Plant Nutrition Journal, 13: 701-711.
Emami A. 1994. Methods of plant analysis (Vol 1). Soil and Water Research Institute, No: 982, Tehran, Iran. 128p. (in Persian).
Esmaeili M, Golchin A and Dorodi MS. 2001. Estimation of nutrient norms using DRIS approach for apple in Iran. Journal of Soil and Water Science, 12: 92-102 (in Persian).
Fallahi E. 1996. Ranking tissue mineral analysis to identity mineral limitations on quality in fruits. Horticulture Science Society of America Journal, 113: 382-389.
Fallahi EW, Conwag K, Hickey D and Sams CC. 1997. The role of calcium and nitrogen in postharvest quality and disease resistance. Horticulture Science, 32: 831-835.
Gruhn P, Goletti F and Yudelman M. 2000. Integrated nutrient management, soil fertility, and sustainable agriculture: current issues and future challenges. Food Agriculture and the Environment Discussion Paper 32, International Food Policy Research Institute Washington, U.S.A.
Hopkins WG. 1999. Introduction to plant physiology. 2nd edition.  John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 512 p.
Jolicoeur C. 2013. Acidity and pH of apple juice. Available at: http://cjoliprsf.awardspace.biz/.
Jones BJ, Wolf JB, Mills HA. 1991. Plant Analysis Handbook: A Practical Sampling, Preparation, Analysis, and Interpretation Guide. Micro-Macro publishing. Athens, GA.
Majidi A. 2013. Assessing the nutritional status of apple orchards in Western Azerbaijan, and guidelines to improve the quantity and quality of product. The first scientific conference on agricultural and rural development with a focus on national production, Piranshahr, Iran. 12p. (in Persian).
Malakouti MJ, Shahabi AA, Keshavarz P, Golchin A, Byboardi A and Majidi A. 2000. Recognition of nutritional disorders in apple trees and improve the quality of yield. J. Soil and Water Research (Special Issue Horticulture), 12: 1-9 (in Persian).
Mahmood Shah S, Wisal Mohammad S, Azam Shah S and Nawaz H. 2006. Integrated nitrogen management of young deciduous apricot orchard. Soil & Environment, 25: 59-63.
Malakouti MJ, Moshiri F, Ghibi MN, Movlavi, S. 2005. Optimal nutrient concentration in the soil and some horticultural products (Vol I). Council of policy development and optimal use of fertilizers, pesticides and biological materials used in agriculture, Technical publication, No: 406, Sana Publications, Tehran, Iran. 21p. (in Persian).
NFDC (1998) Integrated plant nutrition system (IPNS). Combined use of organic and inorganic nutrients. NFDC Technical Report 3/98.
Peck GM, Andrews PK, Reganold JP and Fellman JK. 2006. Apple orchard productivity and fruit quality under organic, conventional and integrated management. Horticulture Science, 41: 99-107.
Prange RK, Meheriuk M, Lougheed EC and Lidster PD. 1993. Harvest and storage, In: Embraer CG, (eds). Producing apples in Eastern and Central Canada. Agriculture Canada, Publication No. 1899/E, pp: 64-69
Raese JT and Drake SR. 1993. Effects of preharvest calcium sprays on apple and pear quality. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 16: 1807-1819.
Shahmohammadi Z. 2007. Impact of WTO joining on the competitiveness of products, Iran Refractory Products Company. MSc Thesis, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran 125p. (In Persian).
Solomakhin A and Blanke M. 2008. Coloured hailnets alter light transmission, spectra and phytochrome, as well as vegetative growth, leaf chlorophyll and photosynthesis and reduce flower induction of apple. Plant Growth Regulation, 56: 211-218.
Sumner ME. 1986. Diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS) as a guide to orchard fertilization. International Seminar on Leaf Diagnosis as A Guide to Orchard Fertilization. Food and Fertilizer Technology Center for Asia and Pacific Region Suweon, Korea, Bolli No: 231, Taiwan, 21p.
Tabatabai J and Malakouti MJ. 2002. New topics calcium: The roles of calcium in improving fruit quality characteristics of calcareous soils. Publication of Agricultural Education, Researcher Organization, Ministry of Agriculture, Karaj, Iran. 35p. (In Persian).
Tandon HLS .1992. Fertilizers and their integration with organic and biofertilizers- Fertilizers, Organic Manures, Recyclable Wastes and biofertilizers. Fertilizer Development and Consultation Organization. New Delhi, India, pp: 12-35.
Tartachnyk II and Blanke MM. 2004. Effect of delayed fruit harvest on photosynthesis, transpiration and nutrient remobilization of apple leaves. New Phytologist, 164: 441-450.
USDA. 2002. National nutrient database for apple standard refrence. No: 09003. http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/cgi-bin/list_nut.pl.
Vaezi A, Malakouti MJ and Rasoli MH. 2002. Optimization fertilization, a method for increasing the quality and quantity of apple fertilizer in calcareous soils of Iran. Publication of Agricultural Education, Researcher Organization, Ministry of Agriculture, Karaj, Iran. 7p.
 (in Persian).
Watkins CB, Hewett EW, Bateup C, Gunson A and Triggs CM. 1989. Relationships between maturity and storage disorders in ‘Cox’s OrangePippin’ apples as influenced by preharvest calcium or ethephon sprays. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, 17: 283-292.
Weibel FP, Bickel R, Leothold S and Alfoldi T. 2000. Are organically grown apples tastier and healthier? A comperative field study using conventional and alternative methods to measure fruit quality, Acta Horticulturea, 517: 417-426.
Werner M. 1997. Soil quality charactrestics during conversion to organic orchard managment. Applied Soil Ecology, 5: 151-167.
wood CW, Reeves DW and Himelrick DJ. 1993. Relationships between chlorophyllmetr readinds and leaf clorophyll concentration, N status and crop yield: A review. Production, Agronomy Society, 23: 1-9.
Yadava UL. 1986. A rapid and nondestractive method to determine chlorophyll in intact leaves. HortScience, 21: 1449-1450.